Full references to ancient and modern works cited in abbreviated form will be found in the bibliography. In addition, the following abbreviations have been used:
LSJ — A Greek-English Lexicon. Compiled by H. G. Liddell and R. Scott. Revised by Sir H. S. Jones, 9th ed. Oxford, 1968.
OCD — The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 2nd ed. Oxford, 1970.
PG — Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeca. Edited by J. R Migne. Paris, 1857-1880.
PL — Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Latina. Edited by J. P. Migne. Paris, 1844-1864.
RE — Realencylopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Edited by A. Pauly, G. Wissowa, and W. Kroll. Stuttgart, 1894-.
Primary reference to Synesius’ works in the text and notes is by column number to volume 66 of PG and by chapter and column number to N. Terzaghi’s edition of Synesius’ Hymni et Opuscula.
All translations are my own unless otherwise specified.
Augustine, Saint. De Civitate Dei. Edited and translated by W. M. Green, W. C. Greene, P. Levine, G. E. McCracken, E. M. Sanford, and D. S. Wiesen. 7 vols. Cambridge, Mass., 1957-1972.
_____. Les Confessions. Edited by M. Skutella. Paris, 1962.
Averroës. On Plato's Republic. Translated by Ralph Lerner. Ithaca, N.Y., 1974.
Basil of Caesarea. Opera. Edited by J. P. Migne. PG vol. 31. Paris, 1858.
Callistratus. In Philostratorum et Callistrati Opera. Edited by A. Westermann. Paris, 1849.
Clement of Alexandria. Opera. Edited by J. P. Migne. PG vol. 8. Paris, 1857.
Corpus Hermeticum. Edited by A. D. Nock. Translated by A. J. Festugière. Paris, 1945-1954.
Damascii successor. Dubitationes et solutiones de primis principiis. Paris, 1889.
Damascius. Vita Isidori reliquiae. Edited by C. Zintzen. Hildesheim, 1967.
Eunapius’ fragmenta. In Fragmenta Historici Graeci Minores. Edited by L. Dindorf. Part 1, pp. 205-274. Leipzig, 1870-1871.
_____. Vitae sophistarum. Edited by J. F. Boissonade. Paris, 1849.
Evagrius Scholasticus. Historia Ecclesiastica. Edited by J. P. Migne. PG vol. 86. Paris, 1860.
Gregory of Nazianzen. Opera. Edited by J. P. Migne. PG vol. 37. Paris, 1858.
Gregory of Nyssa. Opera. Edited by J. P. Migne. PG vols. 44-46. Paris, 1858 and 1863.
Hermetica. Edited and translated by W. Scott. 4 vols. Oxford, 1926.
Iamblichus. De Mysteriis. Edited by E. Des Places. Paris, 1966.
_____. De Mysteriis. Edited by S. Parthey. Berlin, 1857. Reprint, Amsterdam, 1965.
_____. De Vita Pythagorica. Edited by A. Nauck. St. Petersburg and Leipzig, 1884.
186
_____. Iamblichi Chalcidensis in Platonis Dialogos Commentariorum Fragmenta. Edited and translated by J. M. Dillon. Leiden, 1973.
_____. Life of Pythagoras. Translated by Thomas Taylor. London, 1818. Reprint, London, 1965.
_____. Les mystères d’Egypte. Edited and translated by E. Des Places. Paris, 1966.
Juliani epistulae et leges. Edited by J. Bidez and F. Cumont. Paris, 1922.
_____. Oeuvres Complètes. Edited by J. Bidez, C. Lacombrade, and G. Rochefort. Paris, 1924-1972.
_____. The Works of the Emperor Julian. Edited and translated by W. C. Wright. 3 vols. New York, 1913-1923.
Macrobius. Commentary on the Dream of Scipio. Translated by W H. Stahl. New York, 1952.
_____. Saturnalia. Translated by Percival Vaughan Davies. New York, 1969.
Olympiodorus. Olympiodori philosophi in Platonis Phaedonem Commentaria. Edited by William Norvin. Leipzig, 1913.
Oracles Chaldaïques. Edited by E. Des Places. Paris, 1971.
Orphicorum fragmenta. Edited by O. Kern. Berlin, 1922.
Philostorgius. History of the Church. Translated by E. Walford. London, 1855.
_____. Kirchehgeschichte. Edited by J. Bidez. Leipzig, 1913.
Philostratus. In Philostratorum et Callistrati Opera. Edited by A. Westermann. Paris, 1849.
Philostratus and Eunapius. Lives of the Sophists. Translated by W. C. Wright. New York, 1922.
Photius. Bibliothèque. Edited and translated by R. Henry. Paris, 1959.
Plotinus. Enneads. Edited by P. Henry and H. R. Schwyzer. Museum Lessianum, 1959-1973.
_____. Enneads. Translated by S. MacKenna. Revised edition. New York, 1969.
_____. Enneads I-III. Translated by A. H. Armstrong. Cambridge, Mass., 1967.
Porphyry. Porphyrii Opuscula Tria. Edited by A. Nauck. Leipzig, 1860.
Pratum Spirituale. Edited by J. P. Migne. PG 66.1043-1046. Paris, 1859 and 1864.
Proclus. Elements of Theology. Edited by E. R. Dodds. Oxford, 1933.
_____. In Timaei. Translated by Thomas Taylor. London, 1820.
_____. Procli Hymni. Edited by E. Vogt. Wiesbaden, 1957.
_____. Théologie platonicienne, I-III. Edited by H. D. Saffrey and L. G. Westerink. Paris, 1968.
_____. Timée. Edited by A. J. Festugière. Paris, 1966-1968.
Rhetores Graeci. Edited by L. Spengel. 3 vols. Leipzig, 1894.
187
Sallustius. Concerning the Gods and the Universe. Edited and translated by A. D. Nock. Cambridge, Mass., 1926.
Scriptorum Paganorum I-IV Saec. de Christianis Testimonia. Edited by W. Den Boer. Leiden, 1948.
Socrates Scholasticus. Historia Ecclesiastica. Edited by J. P. Migne. PG vol. 67. Paris, 1859.
Sozomen. Historia Ecclesiastica. Edited by J. P. Migne. PG vol. 67. Paris, 1859.
Sozomen and Philostorgius. History of the Church. Translated by E. Walford. London, 1855.
Synesius of Cyrene. The Essays and Hymns of Synesius of Cyrene. Translated by A. Fitzgerald. 2 vols. Oxford, 1930.
_____. Hymnes. Edited by C. Lacombrade. Paris, 1978.
_____. Les Hymnes de Synésios de Cyrène. Translated by M. Meunier. Paris, 1947.
_____. Synesius Cyrenensis Hymni. Edited by N. Terzaghi. Rome, 1939-
_____. Letters. In Epistolographi Graeci. Edited by R. Hercher. Paris, 1879. Pp. 638-739.
_____. The Letters of Synesius of Cyrene. Translated by A. Fitzgerald. Oxford, 1926.
_____. Synesius Cyrenensis Opera Omnia. Edited by J. P. Migne. PG vol. 66. Paris, 1859 and 1864.
_____. Synesius Cyrenensis Opuscula. Edited by N. Terzaghi. Rome, 1944.
Theodoretus. Historia Ecclesiastica. Edited by J. P. Migne. PG vols. 80-84. Paris, 1859-1860.
Zosimus. Historia Nova. Edited by B. G. Niebuhr. Bonn, 1837.
Anastos, M. “Pletho's Calendar and Liturgy.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 4 (1948) 183-305.
Angus, S. The Mystery Religions and Christianity. 1925. Reprint New York, 1966.
Armstrong, A. H. “Plotinus.” Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy. Part III, 193-268. Cambridge, 1967.
Asmus, J. R. “Synesius und Dio Chrysostomus." Byzantinische Zeitschrift 9 (1900) 85-151.
Aubin, P. Le problème de la conversion. Paris, 1963.
Barns, J. D. “Shenute as a Historical Source." Actes du X. congrès international de papyrologues. Warsaw, 1964. Pp. 151-159.
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Bidez, J. La vie de l’empereur Julien. Paris, 1930.
_____. Vie de Porphyre. Ghent, 1913.
Bizzochi, C. “Gl” inni filosofici di Sinesio interpretati come mistiche celebrazioni.” Gregorianum 32 (1951) 347-387.
Bloch, H. “The Pagan Revival in the West at the End of the Fourth Century.” In The Conflict Between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century. Edited by A. Momigliano. Oxford, 1963. Pp. 193-218.
Boll, F. Kleine Schriften. Leipzig, 1950.
Boyancé, P. Le cult des muses chez les philosophes grecs. Paris, 1937.
Brown, Peter. The Making of Late Antiquity. Cambridge, Mass., 1978.
_____.. “The Philosopher and Society in Late Antiquity.” Center for Hellenistic and Hermeneutical Studies. Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, Ca. Colloquium #36, 1980.
_____. Religion and Society in the Age of St. Augustine. London, 1971.
Cameron, Alan. “The Last Days of the Academy at Athens.” Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 15 (1969) 7-29.
_____.. “Notes on Palladas.” Classical Quarterly 15 (1965) 215-229.
Chadwick, H. E. “Faith and Order at the Council of Nicaea.” Harvard Theological Review 53 (1960) 171-195.
Cherniss, Harold. The Platonism of Gregory of Nyssa. New York, 1930.
Chesnut, Glen. The First Church Histories. Paris, 1977.
Cochrane, C. N. Christianity and Classical Culture. New York, 1957.
Coleman-Norton, P. R. Roman State and Christian Church. 3 vols. London, 1966.
Coster, C. H. Late Roman Studies. Cambridge, Mass., 1968.
Cramer, Winfrid. “Zur Entwicklung der Zweigewaltenlehre: Ein unbeachteter Beitrag des Synesios von Kyrene.” Römische Quartalschrift 72 (1977) 43-56.
Crawford, W. S. Synesius the Hellene. London, 1901.
Cudworth, R. The True Intellectual System of the Universe. London, 1678.
Cumont, F. After Life in Roman Paganism. 2nd ed. New York, 1959.
Dagron, Gilbert. “Aux origines de la civilisation byzantine: langue de culture et langue d’État.” Revue historique 241 (Jan. - Mar. 1969) 23-56.
_____. L’empire romain d’Orient au IVe siècle et les traditions politiques de l’Hellénisme. Travaux et mémoires du centre de recherche d'histoire et civilisation byzantines 3. Paris, 1968. Pp. 1-242.
Daniélou, J. A History of Early Christian Doctrine. Vol. I: The Theology of Jewish Christianity. Translated by J. Baker. London, 1964.
_____. Platonisme et théologie mystique: essai sur la doctrine spirituelle de saint Grégoire de Nysse. Paris, 1944.
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Delatte, L. Traités de la Royauté d’Ecphante, Diotogène et Sthenidas. Liège and Paris, 1942.
Dillon, J. M. The Middle Platonists: 80 B.c. -220 A.D. Ithaca, New York, 1977-
Dodds, E. R. The Greeks and the Irrational. Berkeley, 1957.
_____. Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety. Cambridge, 1965.
Dölger, F. J. Sphragis, eine altchristliche Taufbezeichnung in ihren Beziehungen zur profanen und religiösen Kultur des Altertums. Paderborn, 1911.
Downey, G. “Themistius and the Defense of Hellenism in the Fourth Century.” Harvard Theological Review 50 (1957) 259-274.
Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Religion. Philadelphia, 1979.
Encyclopedia Judaica. Jerusalem, 1971.
Evans, J. A. S. “Christianity and Paganism in Procopius of Caesarea." Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. 12 (1971) 81-100.
Evans-Pritchard, E. The Sanussi of Cyrenaica. Oxford, 1948.
Evrard, E. “A quel titre Hypatie enseigna-t-elle la philosophie." Revue des études grecques 90 (1977) 69-74.
Festugière, A. J. Personal Religion Among the Greeks. Berkeley, 1954.
_____. “Proclus et la religion traditionelle." In Mélanges André Piganiol 3. Paris, 1966.
Findlay, J. N. Ascent to the Absolute. London, 1970.
_____. “The Logic of Mysticism." Religious Studies 2 (1967) 145-162.
Fitzgerald, A. The Essays and Hymns of Synesius of Cyrene. Oxford, 1930.
_____. The Letters of Synesius of Cyrene. Oxford, 1926.
Fowden, B. “Bishops and Temples in the East Roman Empire." Journal of Theological Studies, n.s. 29 (1978) 53-78.
Gardner, A. Synesius of Cyrene, Philosopher and Bishop. London, 1886.
Geffcken, J. Der Ausgang des griechisch-römischen Heidentums. Heidelberg, 1929. Reprint, Darmstadt, 1963.
Gersh, S. E. From Iamblichus to Eriugena: An Investigation of the Prehistory and Evolution of the Pseudo-Dionysian Tradition. Leiden, 1978.
Gibbon, Edward. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Modern Library Edition. New York, 1966.
Gilliard, Frank D. “The Social Origins of Bishops in the Fourth Century." University of California dissertation. Berkeley, 1966.
Glover, T. R. Life and Letters in the Fourth Century. Cambridge, 1901.
Goodenough, E. R. “The Political Philosophy of Hellenistic Kingship." Yale Classical Studies 1 (1928) 55-102.
_____. The Psychology of Religious Experiences. New York, 1965.
Grande, C. del. “Composizione musiva in Sinesio." Byzantion 33 (1963) 317-323.
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Grützmacher, G. Synesios von Kyrene, ein Charakterbild aus dem Untergang des Hellenentums. Leipzig, 1913.
Hadas, M., and Smith, M. Heroes and Gods: Spiritual Biographies in Antiquity. London, 1965.
Hadot, Ilsetraut. Le problème du néoplatonisme alexandrin: Hiéroclès et Simplicius. Paris, 1978.
Hadot, P. Porphyre et Victorinus. 2 vols. Paris, 1968.
Haskins, C. H. The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. New York, 1957.
Henry, P “The Adversus Arium of Marius Victorinus.” Journal of Theological Studies, n.s. 1 (1950) 42-55.
Hulen, A. B. Porphyry’s Work Against the Christians. New Haven, 1933.
Inge, W. R. Christian Mysticism. London, 1899. Reprint New York, 1956.
Jaeger, W. Early Christianity and Greek Paideia. Cambridge, Mass., 1961.
_____. “The Greek Ideas of Immortality. ” In Immortality and Resurrection. Edited by K. Stendahl. New York, 1965. Pp. 97-114.
James, William. Varieties of Religious Experience. The Gifford Lectures, 1901-1902. New York, 1958 (Mentor edition).
Johnson, Douglas I. Jabal al-Akhdar. Cyrenaica: A Historical Geography of Settlement and Livelihood. Chicago, 1973.
Jonas, Hans. The Gnostic Religion. 2nd ed. Boston, 1963.
Jones, A. H. M. “Constantinople.” Oxford Classical Dictionary. (2nd ed.). Oxford, 1970. P. 281.
_____. The Later Roman Empire. Oxford, 1964.
_____. Martindale, J. R., and Morris, J. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire I, A.D. 260-395. Cambridge, 1971.
Kelly, J. N. D. Early Christian Doctrines. 2nd ed. New York, 1960.
Kerenyi, K. Die Mysterien von Eleusis. Zurich, 1962.
Kissling, R. C. “The ἔχημα-πνεῦμα of the Neoplatonists and the De Insomniis of Synesius of Gyrene.” American Journal of Philology 43 (1922) 318-330.
Labriolle, P. de. La réaction païenne. Paris, 1934.
Lacombrade, C. Le Discours sur la Royauté de Synésios de Cyrène à l’Empereur Arcadios. Paris, 1951.
_____. Synésios de Cyrène: hellène et chrétien. Paris, 1951.
Ladner, G. The Idea of Reform. Cambridge, Mass., 1959.
Laistner, M. L. W. The Platonism of Gregory of Nyssa. New York, 1930.
Lampe, G. W. H. The Seal of the Spirit. London, 1967.
Lang, Wolfram. Das Traumbuch des Synesios. Heidelberger Abhandlungen zur Philosophie 10. Heidelberg, 1926.
Lemerle, P. Review of Lacombrade, Synésios de Cyrène: hellène et chrétien. Revue de philologie 79 (1953) 228-230.
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Lewy, Hans. The Chaldaean Oracles and Theurgy. Cairo, 1956.
Lindner, Kurt. Beiträge zu Vogelfang und Falknerei im Altertum. New York and Berlin, 1973.
Lloyd, A. C. “Later Neoplatonism.” Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy. Part IV, 269-325. Cambridge, 1967.
McGeachy, J. A. Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West. Chicago, 1942.
MacKenna, S. Journal and Letters of Stephen MacKenna. Edited by E. R. Dodds. London, 1936.
MacMullen, R. “Constantine and the Miraculous.” Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 9 (1968) 81-96.
_____. Enemies of the Roman Order. Cambridge, Mass., 1966.
Marrou, H. I. “Le ‘conversion’ de Synésios.” Revue des études grecques 65 (1952) 474-484.
_____. S. Augustin et la fin de la culture antique. Paris, 1938.
_____. “Synesius of Cyrene and Alexandrian Neoplatonism.” In The Conflict Between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century. Edited by A. Momigliano. Oxford, 1936. Pp. 128-150.
Matthews, J. F. Western Aristocracies and the Imperial Court. Oxford, *974-
Mattingly, H., and Warmington, B. H. “Constantine.” Oxford Classical Dictionary. (2nd ed.). Oxford, 1970. Pp. 280-281.
Mazzarino, Santo. Aspetti sociali del quarto secolo. Rome, 1951.
Meijerling, E. P. Orthodoxy and Platonism in Athanasius: Synthesis or Antithesis? Leiden, 1966.
Merlan, P. “Plotinus and Magic.” Isis 44 (1953) 341-348.
_____. “Religion and Philosophy from Plato’s Phaedo to the Chaldaean Oracles.” Journal of the History of Philosophy 1 (1963) 163-176.
Misch, G. Geschichte der Autobiographie. Leipzig and Berlin, 1907.
_____. A History of Autobiography in Antiquity. Translated by E. W. Dickes. 2 vols. Cambridge, Mass., 1951.
Moles, J. L. “The Career of Dio Chrysostom. ” Journal of Hellenic Studies 98 (1978) 79-100.
Momigliano, A., ed. The Conflict Between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century. Oxford, 1963.
Nestle, W. “Die Haupteinwande des antiken Denkens gegen das Christentum.” Archiv für Religionswissenschaft 37 (1941-1942) 51-100.
Nicolosi, Salvatori. Il “De Providentia” de Sinesio di Cirene. Padua, 1959.
Nock, A. D. Conversion. Oxford, 1933.
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Otis, B. “Cappadocian Thought as a Coherent System.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 12 (1958) 94-124.
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Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition. I: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition. Chicago, 1971.
Pépin, J. Mythe et Allégorie: les origines grecques et les contestations judéo-chrétiennes. Paris, 1958.
Petit, P. Les étudiants de Libanius. Un professeur de Faculté et ses élèves au Bas-Empire. Paris, 1956.
Petry, Ray C., ed. Late Medieval Mysticism. Philadelphia, 1957.
Rahner, H. “The Christian Mystery and the Pagan Mysteries.” Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks. Edited by J. Campbell. Translated by R. Manheim. New York, 1955.
Raine, Kathleen. “Thomas Taylor et le mouvement romantique anglais.” Le Néoplatonisme. Paris, 1971. Pp. 475-483.
_____. “Thomas Taylor in England.” Thomas Taylor the Platonist. New York, 1969. Pp. 3-48.
Rist, J. M. Plotinus and the Road to Reality. Cambridge, 1967.
Rosàn, L. J. Art. “Proclus.” Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6.479-482.
_____. The Philosophy of Proclus. New York, 1949.
Rostovsteff, M. I. Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. 2nd ed. Oxford, 1957.
Ruether, Rosemary R. Gregory of Nazianzus: Rhetor and Philosopher. Oxford, 1969.
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Schramm, M., and Vogt, J. “Synesios vor dem Planisphaerium.” In Das Altertum und jedes neue Gute. Festschrift für Wolfgang Schadenwalt zum 15.3.1970. Stuttgart, 1970. Pp. 265-311.
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_____. Forschungen zum Neuplatonismus. Berlin, 1966.
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Villard, U. Monneret de. Le leggende orientali sui Magi evangelici. Studi e Testi 103. Vatican, 1952.
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_____. “Boethiana II.” Vivarium 10 (1972) 1-40.
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Walzer, R. “Early Islamic Philosophy.” Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy. Part VIII. Cambridge, 1967.
_____. Greek into Arabic, Essays on Early Islamic Philosophy. Cambridge, 1962.
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_____. “Immortality and Resurrection in the Philosophy of the Church Fathers.” In Immortality and Resurrection. Edited by K. Stendahl. New York, 1965. Pp. 54-96.
_____. The Philosophy of the Church Fathers. Cambridge, Mass., 1956.