Contents:
CHAPTER I. THE SEVENTH CENTURY.
[A.D]
Survey of the events of the seventh century :
In England 2
In France 3
In Spain 5
[610] In Constantinople : fall of Phocas 6
Heraclius Emperor : Persian War 8-11
Mohammedanism 11-16
Monotheletism: the Ecthesis 16-19
[641] Death of Heraclius 19
Emperors of the Heraclian line 19-21
CHAPTER II. THE FOUR GREAT DUCHIES.
I. The Duchy of Trient (Tridentum).
Authorities 22
Geographical configuration of the duchy 23-27
[569-595] Duke Euin 27
[575-577] Frankish invasion under Chramnichis 28
[590] „ „ under Chedin 30-33
[595] Duke Gaidwald 34
[680] Duke Alahis 34
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II. The Duchy of Friuli (Forum Julii).
Table of Dukes of Forum Julii 36
Authorities 37
Situation of Friuli. Forum Julii = Cividale 38-42
Gisulf, nephew of Alboin, first Duke 42
Boundaries of the duchy 44
Duke Grasulf I: correspondence with Childebert 45-49
Duke Gisulf II: reconciliation with Agilulf 49
[610 (?)] Avar invasion : death of Gisulf, siege of Forum Julii 50-53
Grimwald’s escape from the Avar 54
Story of the ancestors of Paulus Diaconus 55-58
Taso and Cacco murdered by ‘ the Patrician ’ Gregory 59
Duke Grasulf II 60
III. The Duchy of Benevento (Beneventum).
Table of Dukes of Beneventum 62
Authorities 63
Situation and early history of Beneventum 63-68
‘The Samnite Duchy' 68
Later history of Benevento 69-70
[571-591] Zotto, first Duke 71
Destruction of monastery of Monte Cassino 72
[591-641] Arichis second Duke 74
Note on Arichis as tutor to the young Princes of Friuli 74
Geographical extent of the duchy 76
Relations of Arichis with the Pope 77
Religious condition of the duchy 78
Radwald and Grimwald arrive at Benevento 79
[641-642] Duke Aio. Sclavonian invasion 80-81
[642-647] Duke Radwald 81
[647-662] Duke Grimwald IV 81
IV. The Duchy of Spoleto (Spoletium)
Authorities 83
Table of Dukes of Spoletium 84
Geographical position and early history of Spoleto 83-87
Mediaeval and modern history of Spoleto 88
Isaac the Hermit 89
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[571-591] Farwald, first Duke. Classis taken. Rome threatened 91-92
[591-601] Ariulf, second Duke 92-95
[501-653] Theudelap, third Duke: his aqueduct 95-96
[653-663] Atto, fourth Duke 96
Note A. Ecclesiastical notices of the Lombards of Spoleto in the Dialogues of Gregory the Great 97-100
Life of St. Cetheus 100-104
CHAPTER III. SAINT COLUMBANUS.
Authorities 105
Last years of Agilulf: peace renewed with the Empire 107
Relations with the Franks 108
Early history of Columbanus, the Irish saint 111
Columbanus in Gaul: settles at Anagratis 112
Foundation of Luxovium and Ad Fontanas 113
Quarrels with Gaulish prelates : disputes about Easter 114-119
Friendship with animals 119-121
Dispute with Theodoric II of Burgundy and Brunichildis 121-122
Transportation to Nantes 123-125
At Courts of Chlotochar II and Theudebert II 126
By the Lake of Constance. St. Gallus 126-129
Theudebert defeated at Tolbiac, and put to death 130
[613] Columbanus in Italy 131
Founds the monastery of Bobbio. Its library 132-135
The Saint’s Sapphics 135-137
Resumes a hermit life 137
Intercourse with Agilulf and Theudelinda 138
Letter to Pope Boniface IV. Three Chapters Controversy 139-143
Was Agilulf converted from Arianism? 143-145
[615] Death of Columbanus 145
Subsequent history of his rule 146
Death of Agilulf 147
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CHAPTER IV. THEUDELINDA AND HER CHILDREN.
Table of Lombard Kings of the Bavarian line 148
Authorities 149
Adalwald’s failure 150
Succession of Exarchs. The Column of Smaragdus 151-152
[616-620] Eleutherius, Exarch. Rebellion of Joannes Compsinus 154
War with the Lombards : exploits of Sundrar 155
Rebellion of Eleutherius. His murder 156
[625-644] Isaac the Armenian 156
Fall and death of Adalwald 157-160
Silence of the historians as to Theudelinda 160
[628] Death of Theudelinda 160
[626-636] Reign of Ariwald 161
Queen Gundiperga imprisoned. Interference of Chlotocbar II on her behalf 161-163
Mysterious story about the death of Duke Taso 163-164
[636] Gundiperga marries Rothari and raises him to the throne 165
Rothari’s ill treatment of Gundiperga. She is again helped by interference of Frankish king 165
Death of Gundiperga 167
Character of Rothari 167
Conquest of the Riviera 169
Epitaph of Isaac the Armenian 169
Strange proceedings of Cartularius Maurice at Rome 170
Isaac’s spoliation of the Lateran 171
Rebellion of Maurice quelled by Isaac 172-173
[644] Theodore Calliopas, Exarch 173
CHAPTER V. THE LEGISLATION OF ROTHARI.
Authorities 174
[22 Nov. 643] Publication of Code of Rothari 175
Prologue 176
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Pedigree of Rothari and names of his predecessors 177
Offences against the king and his peace 178-180
Offences on the king’s highway 180
The Aldius 181
Walapauz: nocturnal entry : scandalum 181-182
Compensation for bodily injuries to a free person 183-184
Injuries to Aldii and household slaves 186-189
Accidents in tree-cutting. ‘Common employment’ 189
Poisoning. The blood-feud 190-191
‘Magistri Comacini’ 191
Injuries by fire. Injuries to water-mills 192
Laws of inheritance 193
Thinx and Gairethinx 194-196
Marriage laws. The Mundium 197-199
A Lombard courtship and marriage. Meta and Morgincap 199-203
Sexual immorality. ‘Ancilla Romana’ 203-205
Unequal marriages 205
Manumission of slaves: four kinds 206-208
Vendors and purchasers 208-209
Removing landmarks: coining and forgery 209
Pignoratio 210
Theft 211
Fugitive slaves 212-214
Offences against the public peace 214-215
Rural life 216-223
Judicial procedure. Institution of Sacramentales 224-227
Course of a Lomhard law-suit 227-230
Wager of battle 230
Privileged alien (waregango) 231
Claims of the king’s exchequer 232
Vampires and witches 233
A brawling woman 234
Silence of the code as to amount of composition for injuries, varying according to rank of the sufferer. Troya’s theory of the ‘variable guidrigild’ 235
Rothari’s Peroration 236
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CHAPTER VI. GRIMWALD AND CONSTANS.
Authorities 239
[652] Rodwald King of the Lombards 241
[653-661] Reign of Aripert I 241
[661-662] Perctarit and Godepert. Their dissensions 242
Intervention of Grimwald. Death of Godepert 243
[662-671] Reign of Grimwald 243
Flight, return and second escape of Perctarit 245-252
Reign of Emperor Constans II 253
The Monotheletic controversy. The Type 255
Resistance of Pope Martin I 256
The Exarch Olympius ordered to arrest the Pope 257
He renounces the attempt, proceeds to Sicily, and dies there 258
[653] Pope Martin arrested by the Exarch Theodore 260
Carried captive to Constantinople 261-262
[654] His examination, sentence and imprisonment 262-267
[655] Banishment to Cherson and death 267-269
[663] Arrival of Constans in Italy 272
Siege of Benevento 273-275
Battle of Forino 275
Constans in Rome 276-279
[663-668] Constans visits Sicily and remains there five years 280
Financial oppression of the Sicilians 280
[668] Murder of Constans 281
Usurpation of Mizizins. Its easy suppression 282
[663] Transamund, Duke of Spoleto 283
Romwald, Duke of Benevento: colony of Bulgarians 284
Ago, Duke of Friuli 285
Lupus, Duke of Friuli. Avar invasion 285-287
Wechtari, Duke of Friuli. His defeat of the Sclovenes 288-289
Grimwald’s revenge on Opitergium 289
His sack of Forum Populi 290
[671] Death of Grimwald 291
His laws 291-292
Note B. The Story of St. Barbatus 293-298
Mention of Theuderada in the Life of St. Sabinus 299
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CHAPTER VII. THE BAVARIAN LINE RESTORED.
Table of the Family of Aripert 300
Authorities 301
[672] Return of Perctarit 302
[672-688] Reign of Perctarit 302-305
Rebellion of Alahis 304
[688-700] Reign of Cunincpert 305
Rebellion of Alahis and its suppression 306-315
Pestilence in Italy 316
Lombard coinage 317
Visit of Ceadwalla the "West Saxon 317-319
[698] Synod of Pavia 319
[700] Death of Cunincpert 319
Short reign of Liutpert: Ansprand regent 320
Ragiupert seizes the kingdom and dies 320
[701-712] Reign of Aripert II, son of Raginpert 321
Rebellion of Rotharit 321
Cruelties practised on the family of Ansprand 322
Pilgrimages of Anglo-Saxons to Rome 323
Foreign and domestic policy of Aripert II 324
[712] Return of Ansprand : death of Aripert II 325
CHAPTER VIII. STORY OE THE DUCHIES, CONTINUED.
I. Trient.
Duke Alahis 327
II. Friuli.
Duke Ferdulf the hot-tempered 329
Quarrel with Argait: terrible defeat by the Sclovenes 329-331
Duke Corvolus, blinded by the king 331
Duke Pemmo: his domestic relations 332-334
His altar-slab still shown at Cividale 333
III. Benevento.
Conquest of Tarentum by Romwald II 335
Extensions of the Lombard frontier by Gisulf II 336
IV. Spoleto.
[663] Duke Transamund I 337
[703] Duke Farwald II and Wachilapus 337
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CHAPTER IX. THE PAPACY AND THE EMPIBE.
Authorities 339
Table of Kings, Emperors and Popes 340
[663] Emperor Constans in Rome 341
Poem on the abasement of Rome 341
[678-681] Pope Agatho. Victory over Monotheletism 343-345
[680-681] Sixth General Council (Constantinople) 345
Portrait of Constantine Pogonatus and his brothers at Ravenna 347
[685] Justinian II, Emperor 349
[686] Disputed Papal Election. Conon chosen 350
[687] „ „ ,, Sergius chosen 351-352
Intrigues of the defeated candidate Paschal 353
[691] Quinisextan Council (in Trullo) 354-357
Sergius refuses to accept the decrees of the Council 357
His attempted arrest. Fears of Zacharias 358
Council of Aquileia. The last of the Three Chapters 359
[695] Fall and banishment of Justinian II 359-362
[695-698] Reign of Leontius II: dethroned by Apsimar 362
[698-705] Reign of Tiberius III: visit of Exarch Theophylact to Rome 363
[705] Restoration of Justinian II 365-368
His vengeance on his enemies 369
His message to Pope John VII 370
[708-715] Constantine Pope. Quarrel with Archbishop of Ravenna 371
Justinian’s vengeance on Ravenna 372-375
[710-711] Pope Constantine visits Constantinople 375-379
[711] Final fall of Justinian II 379-384
[711-713] Philippicus, a Monothelete, Emperor 384
Civil War in Rome 385
End of Monotheletism 386
Note C. List of Popes from the Death of Gregory I to the ordination of Gregory III 387
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CHAPTER X. THE LAWS OE LIUTPRAND.
Authorities 389
[712] Death of Ansprand. Liutprand king 390
Conspiracy of Rothari. Liutprand’s courage 391
Yearly Assemblies of Lombards. Laws promulgated with their consent 393
Liutprand’s laws compared with Rothari’s 395
Penalty for murder increased. New application of the guidrigild 396-298
Law of the Lombards contrasted with law of the Romans 399
Signs of increased civilisation in the laws 400
Penalties on procrastinating judges 401
Wager of battle 402-403
Manumission of slaves. Laws about horses Soothsayers and idolators 405-406
Special cases : Incitement of a slave to murder 407-408
„ Insult to a woman 408
„ Preference of a faithful son 409
„ Brawling women 410
„ Accidental death at a well 411
„ Death of a child from a horse’s kick 412
Note D. Prices under the Lombard Rule 413-414
CHAPTER XI. ICONOCLASM.
Authorities. Theophanes: Nicephorus 415-417
Some Events of the Eighth Century.
[711] Saracen conquest of Spain 418-420
[732] Charles Martel’s victory over the Saracens 420-422
Conversion of Germany. Willibrord and Boniface 422-424
[717] Accession of Leo III 424-426
[718] Saracen siege of Constantinople 426-427
Rebellion of Sicily 428
Beginnings of Iconoclasm. Yezid II 429
Note on growth of Image-worship 431
[726] Iconoclastic decrees of Leo III 432
Destruction of mosaic picture of Christ (the Chalce) 434
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Attempted revolution in Greece 435
[729] The Silentium. The Patriarch Germanus deposed and Anastasius made Patriarch in his stead 436
Lull in the controversy in the East 436
CHAPTER XII. KING LUTPRAND.
Authorities 437
Table of the family of Liutprand 438
Early life of Gregory II 439
[715-731] Character of Pontificate of Gregory II 439
Visit of Bavarian Duke Theodo to Rome 440
Monastery at Monte Cassino rebuilt 441
Conquest and reconquest of Cumae 442
Conquest and surrender of Classis 443
[724] Farwald of Spoleto deposed by his son Transamund 443
Second conquest of Classis 444
Financial troubles between Leo III and his Italian subjects 445
Attempts on the life of the Pope 447-448
The Pope defended by the Lombards of Spoleto 448
[727] Reception of the Iconoclastic decrees 449
Account of these events given by Theophanes 450-451
Anti-Papal movement in Campania 453
Civil war at Ravenna 453
Liutprand's conquests 454-455
Eutychius, Exarch : his designs against the Pope 455
[730] Combination of Liutprand and the Exarch 457
The Pope’s interview with Liutprand 458
Petasius, Anti-Emperor 459
[731] Death of Gregory II. Gregory III succeeds him 460
Council of Italian bishops 462
[732] Leo’s revenge on the Pope. Papal patrimonies sequestered 463
Affairs of Friuli. The Patriarch of Aquileia at Cividale 467
Patriarch Callistus imprisoned by Pemmo 468
Pemmo deposed : Ratchis succeeds him 469
[730 (?)] Affairs of Benevento. Death of Romwald II 470
Audelais, usurper 471
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[732-739] Gregory, nephew of Liutprand, Duke 471
[739-742] Rebellion of Gottschalk 471
[742-751] Gisulf II, Duke 472
[735] Sickness of Liutprand. Hildeprand associated with him 473
Liutprand’s adoption of Pippin 474
Liutprand helps Charles Martel against the Saracens 475
[739] Transamund of Spoleto rebels and is deposed. Hilderic, Duke of Spoleto 475
Liutprand takes four cities from the Ducatus Romae 475
Gregory III appeals to Charles Martel for help 476-478
Charles Martel refuses to interfere 478
Transamund recovers his duchy 479
He refuses to restore the four towns to the Pope 479
[741] Death of Gregory III: succeeded by Zacharias (741-752) 480
[742] Liutprand marches to the South. Battle of the Metaurus 480
Liutprand’s bargain with the Pope. Transamund finally expelled from Spoleto 481
Alleged conquest of Ravenna and re-capture by the Venetians 482-484
Venetia in the eighth century 484-487
Joannes Diaconus on the recovery of Ravenna 487-489
Dandolo’s version of the same events 489-490
Summary, as to sieges of Ravenna and Classis 490
Meeting of Zacharias and Liutprand at Terni 491-494
The four towns restored. The Pope’s triumphal entry into Rome 494
[743] Liutprand renews his operations against Ravenna 495
Zacharias journeys to Pavia to intercede for Ravenna 496-497
[740] Death of Emperor Leo III: succeeded by Constantine Copronymus 497
[744] Death of Liutprand 498
His reverence for the Pope. Transportation of the body of St. Augustine 499
Character of Liutprand. Last words of Paulus Diaconus 499-500
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Note E. On the alleged Letters of Pope Gregory II to Leu III 501-505
Note F. Correspondence of Pope Gregory III with the Venetians as to the recovery of Ravenna 505-508
CHAPTER XIII. POLITICAL STATE OP IMPERIAL ITALY
Authorities, Marini’s ‘Papiri Diplomatici’ 509-512
Condition of Roman population of Italy (seventh and eighth centuries) 512
Bearing on question of origin of Italian Republics 513
Two schools: Savigny v. Troya and Hegel 514
Geographical limits of Imperial Italy 515-519
[554] ‘Pragmatic Sanction’ of Justinian 519-526
Division of Eastern Empire into Themes 526
Power of all kinds tended to become concentrated in hands of military officers 527
Table of civil and military offices 527
Note on functions of Praefectus and Vicarii 528
The Exarch and his prerogatives 529-531
Origin of Exarch’s title 531-532
List of Exarchs 533-537
General character of their rule 538
The Consiliarius 538-539
The Magister Militum or Dux 539-541
Note on the convertibility of the two titles 540
The Gartularius 541-542
The Dux Romae 542-543
The Dux Neapoleos 543-544
Tendency of the duchies to split up 544
The Tribuni 545
Was Tribunus equivalent to Comes? 546
Early history of Venice. Tribuni, Duces, Magistri Militum 547-549
Did the Curiae survive? Degradation of the Curiae 549
Disappearance of the Curiae in the East 551
Officers enrolled in the Album Curiae 332
The Curator 553-554
The Defensor: decline of his office 554-557
The Curiae become mere courts of registry 558
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Improbability of their giving birth to the Italian Republics 560
Note G. On the continued existence of the Senate of Rome during the seventh and eighth centuries 561-564
CHAPTER XIV. POLITICAL STATE OE LOMBARD ITALY.
Authorities. Saviguy, Troya, Hegel, Capponi 565-566
The Lombard King 567-570
The Iron Crown 570-573
The Lombard Duke 573-575
The Gastald 575-578
The Sculdahis 578
Condition of the vanquished Romans under th eLombards 580-592
Paulus Diaconus on the Lombard land-settlement 580-586
Condition of the Romans as gathered from the Lombard laws 586-592
Were the Romans all turned into Aldii? 587
Possible exceptions : Artisans in the towns 589
„ „ Wealthy Romans 589
How did the Lombard laws punish crimes against free Roman population? 590-592
Probable survival of Roman law among the vanquished for their own internal affairs 592
Personal law in the Lombard state 593
Conclusion 594
Index 695
Glossary of Lombard Words 635
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
- Citadel of La Rocca and Aqueduct of Ponte delle Torri: Spoleto . . . Frontispiece
- Map of Southern Italy under the reign of Authari . . . To face page 1
- Map of the Duchy of Tridentum . . . 25
- Altar in the Church of St. Martin at Cividale . . . 333