Carnegie Endowment for International peace
Report ... to inquire into the causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars

CONTENTS
 

Preface. By Nicholas Murray Butler...................................................... iii
Members of the Balkan Commission of Inquiry...................................... iv

Introduction. By Baron d'Estournelles de Constant.................................. 1
Why this Inquiry? .................................................................................. 1
The Objections ...................................................................................... 3
Constitution and Character of the Commission......................................... 5
Departure—Inquiry—Return of the Commission...................................... 9
The Report ........................................................................................... 11
The Lesson of the Two Wars................................................................. 15

Chapter I—The Origin of the T'wo Balkan Wars.................................... 21
1. The Ethnography and National Aspirations of the Balkans.................. 21
2. The Struggle for Autonomy................................................................ 31
3. The Alliance and the Treaties............................................................. 38
4. The Conflict between the Allies.......................................................... 49

Chapter II—The War and the Noncombatant Population....................... 71
1. The Plight of the Macedonian Moslems during the First War............... 71
2. The Conduct of the Bulgarians in the Second War.............................. 78
The Massacre at Doxato ...................................................................... 79
The Massacre and Conflagration of Serres............................................. 83
Events at Demir-Hissar ......................................................................... 92
3. The Bulgarian Peasant and the Greek Army....................................... 95
The Final Exodus ................................................................................. 106

Chapter III—Bulgarians, Turks, and Servians........................................ 109
1. Adrianople ....................................................................................... 109
The Capture of the Town...................................................................... 110
The Bulgarian Administration ................................................................ 117
The Last Days of the Occupation........................................................... 119
2. Thrace ............................................................................................. 123
3. The Theater of the Servian-Bulgarian War.......................................... 135

Chapter IV—The War and the Nationalities........................................... 148
1. Extermination, Emigration, Assimilation .............................................. 148
2. Servian Macedonia ........................................................................... 158
3. Greek Macedonia ............................................................................. 186

Chapter V—The War and International Law.......................................... 208

Chapter VI—Economic Results of the Wars........................................... 235

Chapter VII—The Moral and Social Consequences of the Wars and
the Outlook for the Future of Macedonia ................................................ 265

Appendices
Chapter II
Appendix A—The Plight of the Macedonian Moslems during the First War..... 277
Appendix B—The Conduct of the Bulgarians in the Second War..................... 285
Appendix C—The Bulgarian Peasant and the Greek Army.............................. 300
Extracts from Letters of Greek Soldiers........................................................... 307
Appendix D—The Servians in the Second War............................................... 317

Chapter III
Appendix E—The Accusation ........................................................................ 326
Report by a Russian Officer in the London Daily Telegraph.............................  326
Appendix F—The Defense ............................................................................. 331
Report to the Commander of the Kehlibarov Reserve....................................... 331
The Miletits Papers ......................................................................................... 333
Appendix G—Depositions .............................................................................. 338
Letter of Baroness Varvara Yxcoull to Mr. Maxime Kovalevsky ..................... 338
Evidence of Turkish Officers Captured at Adrianople....................................... 341
Depositions of Bulgarian Officials .................................................................... 344
Reports of the Delegation of the Armenian Patriarchate: The Disaster of Malgara .... 347
Thrace ............................................................................................................ 350
Adrianople ...................................................................................................... 353
Statement of the Bulgarian Committee at Adrianople......................................... 354
Appendix H—Theater of the Servian-Bulgarian War......................................... 356
Servian Documents .......................................................................................... 356
The Medical Reports ....................................................................................... 361
Destruction of Towns and Villages..................................................................... 364
Bulgarian Documents ....................................................................................... 368

Chapter VI
Appendix I—Bulgaria—Statistics .................................................................... 378
Greece—Statistics .......................................................................................... 385
Montenegro—.Statistics ................................................................................. 394
Servia—Statistics ........................................................................................... 395
Analysis of the Report ..................................................................................... 399

Maps
Dialects of Macedonia. After A. Belits. From the Servian Point of View.................. 29
Boundaries of the Balkan States under the Treaty of St. Stefano. Conference
of Constantinople, 1876-77 ................................................................................... 32
Map Showing the National Aspirations of the Balkan People before the War.
After Paul Dehn .................................................................................................... 38
Contested Regions According to the Map Annexed to the Treaty of Alliance........... 45
Regions Occupied by the Belligerents. End of April, 1913. After Balcanicus............ 55
Territorial Modifications in the Balkans................................................................... 70
(1) Conference of London.
(2) Treaty of Bucharest. Macedonia from the Bulgarian Point of View.   Map in Colors.
  After Vasil Kantchev ......................................................................................... 418
Macedonia from the Servian Point of View. Map in Colors. After Dr. Tsviyits........ 419

Illustrations
1. Ruins of Doxato ................................................................................................ 79
2. Finding the Bodies of Victims at Doxato.............................................................. 80
3. Gathering the Bodies of Victims........................................................................... 81
4. Bodies of Slain Peasants ..................................................................................... 82
5. Victims Who Escaped the Serres Slaughter.......................................................... 84
6. Ruins of Serres.................................................................................................... 85
7. Ruins of Serres.................................................................................................... 86
8. Ruins of Serres.................................................................................................... 86
9. Ruins of Serres.................................................................................................... 87
10. Ruins of Serres.................................................................................................. 88
11. Ruins of Serres.................................................................................................. 88
12. A Popular Greek Poster.................................................................................... 96
13. A Popular Greek Poster.................................................................................... 98
14. Isle of Toundja—Trees Stripped of Bark Which the Prisoners Ate.................... 112
15. Mosque of Sultan Selim—A Cupola of the Dome Rent by an Explosive Shell.... 116
16. Victims Thrown into the Arda and Drowned..................................................... 122
17. Fragments of the Gospel in Greek Letters found in the Ruins of the
Osmanly Church ................................................................................................... 125
18. Bodies of Five Murdered Bulgarian Officers..................................................... 144
19. Refugees Encamped Outside Salonica ............................................................. 152
20. Refugees Encamped Outside Salonica ............................................................. 152
21. Refugees Encamped Outside Salonica ............................................................. 152
22. The Commission Listening to Refugees in the Samakov Square......................... 153
23. A Bulgarian Red Cross Convoy........................................................................ 217
24. Roumanian Ravages at Petrohan ...................................................................... 217
25. Shortened Greek Cartridges ............................................................................ 224
26. In the Trenches ............................................................................................... 237
27. The Dead Sharp-shooter.................................................................................. 237
28. The Assault Upon Aivas Baba.......................................................................... 238
29. A Funeral Scene ............................................................................................. 238
30. In Barb-Wire Defences of Adrianople.............................................................. 238
31. Scene from the Koumanovo Battle................................................................... 238
32. Service Burial ................................................................................................. 239
33. A Battlefield ................................................................................................... 240
34. Forgotten in the Depths of a Ravine................................................................. 241
35. Piece of Ordnance and Gunners ..................................................................... 242
35. Ruins of Voinitsa............................................................................................. 245
37. Ruins of Voinitsa............................................................................................. 245
38. Ravages of the War ....................................................................................... 248
39. Ravages of the War ....................................................................................... 248
40. Ravages of the War ....................................................................................... 249
41. Ravages of the War ....................................................................................... 249
42. Refugees . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................................... 253
43. Refugees . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................................... 253
44. Refugees . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................................... 254
45. Refugees . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................................... 254
46. Refugees ....................................................................................................... 255
47. Refugees . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................................... 255
48. Refugees . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................... 256
49. Refugees . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................... 256
50. Facsimile of a Letter Written by a Greek Soldier About the War.................... 416
51. Envelope of the Letter Opposite.................................................................... 417

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