㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀㬀 昀漀渀琀ⴀ眀攀椀最栀琀㨀㜀 ∀㸀 Francis Dvornik
㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
CHAPTER III. THE SHADOW OF THE CONCILIAR THEORY
ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀 1. Western Schism, Origins of the Conciliar Theory ऀऀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀㘀㜀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀 2. The Council of Constance (1414-18) ऀऀ㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀㜀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀
3. The Councils of Basle-Ferrara-Florence (14317), Union and Its 䘀愀椀氀甀爀攀㰀⼀愀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀㜀㐀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀
4. Survivals of the Conciliar Theory, the Fifth Lateran Council ⠀㔀㈀ⴀ㜀⤀㰀⼀愀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀㠀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
68 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
who, in spite of the decision of the Council of Vienne, continued 琀漀 搀攀洀愀渀搀 琀栀攀 愀戀猀漀氀甀琀攀 瀀漀瘀攀爀琀礀 漀昀 洀漀渀愀猀琀椀挀 椀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 漀昀 伀挀挀愀洀Ⰰ 愀
famous English Franciscan philosopher, was one of the fiercest opponents of John 堀堀䤀䤀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀吀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攠ᤀ猀 瀀氀愀渀猀 椀渀 䤀琀愀氀礀 眀栀攀爀攀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 栀攀氀瀀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀渀最攀瘀椀渀 kings of Naples, he hoped to restore papal political authority in Lombardy and 䌀攀渀琀爀愀氀 䤀琀愀氀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀甀猀 洀愀欀攀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 栀椀猀 爀攀琀甀爀渀 琀漀 刀漀洀攀Ⰰ 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 栀椀洀 椀渀琀漀 violent conflict with the German king Louis IV. When threatened with 攀砀挀漀洀洀甀渀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 䰀漀甀椀猀 愀挀挀甀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 瀀漀渀琀椀昀昀 漀昀 甀猀甀爀瀀椀渀最 琀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀猀 漀昀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 Prince Electors, launched against him the charge of heresy, because he had 爀攀樀攀挀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 搀漀挀琀爀椀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀瀀椀爀椀琀甀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 昀椀渀愀氀氀礀 愀瀀瀀攀愀氀攀搀 琀漀 愀 昀甀琀甀爀攀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 Council.
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 The change in the political and ideological atmosphere of Western 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀椀琀礀 椀猀 椀氀氀甀猀琀爀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 刀漀洀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䰀漀甀椀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀攀爀椀愀氀 dignity, not by the representative of the pope, but in the name of the 爀攀戀攀氀氀椀漀甀猀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 漀昀 刀漀洀攀⸀ 䄀氀氀 琀栀椀猀 攀挀栀漀攀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 椀搀攀愀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 Marsilius of Padua had expressed in his Defensor Pacis, a most daring 琀爀攀愀琀椀猀攀 漀昀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 瀀漀氀椀琀椀挀愀氀 琀栀漀甀最栀琀⸀ 䠀攀 猀琀爀攀猀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 猀漀瘀攀爀攀椀最渀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 people against papal theocratic principles as the foundation on which the State 椀猀 戀甀椀氀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀椀攀爀愀爀挀栀礀 眀愀猀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀Ⰰ 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 栀椀洀Ⰰ 琀漀 providing for spiritual needs under the surveillance of the State, and the 瀀漀瀀攠ᤀ猀 愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀氀攀搀 戀礀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀猀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 氀愀礀洀攀渀 愀渀搀 States would be represented. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 These were dangerous ideas, hitherto unheard of, but if Marsilius 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀 䨀漀栀渀 漀昀 䨀愀渀搀甀渀 栀漀瀀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 攀砀挀漀洀洀甀渀椀挀愀琀攀搀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 眀漀甀氀搀 accept them, they were mistaken. With the help of France, the papacy once more 眀漀渀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀甀最最氀攀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 攀洀瀀攀爀漀爀猀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 䨀漀栀渠ᤀ猀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀漀爀 䌀氀攀洀攀渀琀 VI, who chose Charles IV, future king of Bohemia, to supplant the rebellious 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀Ⰰ 䰀漀甀椀猀 䤀嘀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀䤀琀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 䌀栀愀爀氀攀猀 䤀嘀 眀栀漀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 眀愀礀 昀漀爀 唀爀戀愀渀 嘀 琀漀 return to Rome, at least temporarily. However, the Emperor died that same year ⠀㌀㜀㠀⤀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀愀琀 匀挀栀椀猀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 圀攀猀琀 栀愀搀 戀攀最甀渀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀愀爀搀椀渀愀氀猀Ⰰ offended by the
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
69 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
haughty attitude of Urban VI, declared invalid his election, made 甀渀搀攀爀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 漀昀 刀漀洀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 攀氀攀挀琀攀搀 愀 渀攀眀 瀀漀瀀攀Ⰰ 䌀氀攀洀攀渀琀 嘀䤀䤀Ⰰ 眀栀漀
established himself in Avignon. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
It was during this period of the Western Schism which lasted 甀渀琀椀氀 㐀㔀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 猀漀ⴀ挀愀氀氀攀搀 挀漀渀挀椀氀椀愀爀 琀栀攀漀爀礀Ⰰ 瀀爀漀挀氀愀椀洀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀甀瀀攀爀椀漀爀椀琀礀 漀昀
the council over the pope, was formulated. Although similar ideas had been put 昀漀爀眀愀爀搀 戀礀 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 漀昀 伀挀挀愀洀 愀渀搀 䴀愀爀猀椀氀椀甀猀 漀昀 倀愀搀甀愀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 挀愀渀漀渀椀猀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀
fourteenth and fifteenth century, who had developed this theory, do not seem to 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 椀渀猀瀀椀爀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀猀攀 爀愀搀椀挀愀氀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最猀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀愀渀漀渀椀挀愀氀 戀愀猀椀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀
conciliar theory was the medieval concept of a corporation, according to which 琀栀攀 栀攀愀搀 漀昀 愀 挀漀爀瀀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 琀栀攀 攀砀攀挀甀琀椀瘀攀 漀昀 愀 瀀漀眀攀爀 爀攀猀椀搀椀渀最 椀渀 愀氀氀 洀攀洀戀攀爀猀 漀昀
the corporation and which has been delegated to him by them. Should the head of 琀栀攀 挀漀爀瀀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 挀攀愀猀攀 琀漀 攀砀椀猀琀 漀爀 眀栀攀渀 椀琀 昀愀椀氀攀搀 琀漀 瀀爀漀洀漀琀攀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀
body corporate, the delegated power reverted to its members. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
It should be stressed that even the staunchest defenders of the 猀甀瀀攀爀椀漀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 猀瀀椀爀椀琀甀愀氀 瀀漀眀攀爀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀氀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 攀洀戀漀搀椀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攀Ⰰ
accepted the medieval principles governing a corporation and did not hesitate to 愀瀀瀀氀礀 琀栀攀洀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀⸀ 䘀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 䠀甀最愀挀挀椀漀Ⰰ 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀 漀昀 䤀渀渀漀挀攀渀琀 䤀䤀䤀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀攀
spirit of these ideas, taught that a pope can personally fall into error, but 琀栀攀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀 挀愀渀渀漀琀Ⰰ 洀攀愀渀椀渀最 渀漀琀 漀渀氀礀 琀栀攀 刀漀洀愀渀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 愀氀猀漀 琀栀攀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀愀氀
Church. The Church, thus represented in a council, is empowered to state the 攀爀爀漀爀 漀昀 愀 瀀漀瀀攀 眀栀漀Ⰰ 愀琀 琀栀愀琀 猀愀洀攀 洀漀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 挀攀愀猀攀猀 琀漀 戀攀 瀀漀瀀攀⸀ 䘀爀漀洀 琀栀攀猀攀 瀀爀攀洀椀猀攀猀
also originated the thesis that a council with a pope is superior to the pope 愀氀漀渀攀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀䘀爀漀洀 猀甀挀栀 爀攀愀猀漀渀椀渀最 椀琀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 琀漀 挀漀渀挀攀椀瘀攀 琀栀攀 principle—this was done by John of Paris who died in 1306—that the plenitude of 瀀漀眀攀爀 椀猀 最椀瘀攀渀 戀礀 䜀漀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀 挀漀洀瀀漀猀攀搀 漀昀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 昀愀椀琀栀昀甀氀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 of the faithful transferred this power to the pope through his election by the 挀愀爀搀椀渀愀氀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 挀愀渀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀愀欀攀 戀愀挀欀 琀栀椀猀 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 琀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攀 fall into error, or if he uses his power to the detriment of the Church. Once 琀栀椀猀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀攀搀Ⰰ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀椀洀最 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀∀ ∀ 猀爀挀㴀∀氀椀渀攀开搀漀眀渀⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㔀㤀㘀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㠀∀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀㜀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀琀栀攀爀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀攀搀 漀渀氀礀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀爀漀瘀攀爀猀椀愀氀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀 愀猀 琀漀 眀栀攀琀栀攀爀 琀栀椀猀 recall of the power given to the pope should be effected by the cardinals alone, 漀爀 戀礀 愀 挀漀甀渀挀椀氀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀椀渀最 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 昀愀椀琀栀昀甀氀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀吀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 搀攀渀椀愀氀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀氀攀渀椀琀甀搀攀 漀昀 瀀漀眀攀爀 椀渀瘀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攀Ⰰ the appeals to a council made by the cardinals of the House of Colonna, and by 䬀椀渀最 倀栀椀氀椀瀀 琀栀攀 䘀愀椀爀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 䈀漀渀椀昀愀挀攀 嘀䤀䤀䤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 戀礀 䰀漀甀椀猀 䤀嘀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 䨀漀栀渀 堀堀䤀䤀Ⰰ were based on this reasoning of the canonists. The idea of the superiority of 琀栀攀 挀漀甀渀挀椀氀 眀漀甀氀搀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 栀愀爀搀氀礀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 昀甀氀氀礀 昀漀爀洀甀氀愀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 猀漀 眀椀搀攀氀礀 accepted had the schism not occurred in 1378. The situation appeared more 猀攀爀椀漀甀猀 愀猀 琀栀攀 猀挀栀椀猀洀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 戀礀 愀 猀攀挀甀氀愀爀 爀甀氀攀爀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 戀礀 琀栀攀 挀愀爀搀椀渀愀氀猀 themselves. In the opinion of many, schism was tantamount to heresy.
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 The fact that the schism originated from a double election 搀攀瀀爀椀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 挀愀爀搀椀渀愀氀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 樀甀搀椀挀椀愀氀 爀漀氀攀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 responsibility for the removal of the scandal returned to the faithful, as 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀 戀礀 愀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 瀀爀漀瀀漀甀渀搀攀搀 椀渀 ㌀㜀㤀 戀礀 琀眀漀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 theologians from the University of Paris, Henry of Langenstein and Conrad of 䜀攀氀渀栀愀甀猀攀渀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀 琀栀攀猀椀猀 眀愀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 琀漀漀 渀攀眀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 漀渀氀礀 眀栀攀渀 愀氀氀 栀漀瀀攀 of any other solution had vanished and when the disorders created by two rival 挀甀爀椀愀猀Ⰰ 椀渀 刀漀洀攀 愀渀搀 椀渀 䄀瘀椀最渀漀渀Ⰰ 戀攀挀愀洀攀 琀漀漀 最氀愀爀椀渀最Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀椀氀椀愀爀 椀搀攀愀 眀愀猀 accepted generally as the only possible remedy. So it happened that in 1409 琀栀椀爀琀攀攀渀 挀愀爀搀椀渀愀氀猀 眀椀琀栀搀爀攀眀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀戀攀搀椀攀渀挀攀 琀漀 戀漀琀栀 䈀攀渀攀搀椀挀琀 堀䤀䤀䤀 漀昀 䄀瘀椀最渀漀渀 愀渀搀 Gregory XII of Rome, and convoked a Council in Pisa. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 Although the convocation was based on very slender authority, the 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 搀攀猀椀爀攀 昀漀爀 愀渀 攀渀搀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀挀栀椀猀洀 眀愀猀 猀漀 最爀攀愀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 promised to be a success. Nearly 100 bishops and abbots were present. Moreover, 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 漀昀 嘀椀攀渀渀攀Ⰰ 戀椀猀栀漀瀀猀Ⰰ ㈀ abbots, many chapters and thirteen universities sent their procurators or 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀愀琀椀瘀攀猀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀吀栀攀 琀眀漀 瀀漀瀀攀猀Ⰰ 栀愀瘀椀渀最 爀攀昀甀猀攀搀 琀漀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀Ⰰ 愀渀猀眀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 挀栀愀氀氀攀渀最攀 by convoking their own councils. They were deposed and the council empowered the 挀愀爀搀椀渀愀氀猀 琀漀 攀氀攀挀琀 愀 渀攀眀 瀀漀渀琀椀昀昀⸀ 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀椀洀最 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀∀ ∀ 猀爀挀㴀∀氀椀渀攀开搀漀眀渀⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㔀㤀㘀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㠀∀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀㜀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀吀栀攀 渀攀眀 瀀漀瀀攀Ⰰ 䄀氀攀砀愀渀搀攀爀 嘀Ⰰ 搀椀攀搀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 礀攀愀爀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 unscrupulous and ambitious Baldassare Cossa was elected and took the name of 䨀漀栀渀 堀堀䤀䤀䤀⸀ 匀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 琀眀漀 瀀爀攀瘀椀漀甀猀 瀀漀瀀攀猀 爀攀昀甀猀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀猀椀最渀Ⰰ 圀攀猀琀攀爀渀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀椀琀礀 thus became even further divided. The new pope, elected in Pisa, had the largest 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 䈀攀渀攀搀椀挀琀 堀䤀䤀䤀 眀愀猀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀稀攀搀 椀渀 匀瀀愀椀渀 愀渀搀 匀挀漀琀氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀最漀爀礀 XII by Germany, Naples, Venice and the Duke of Rimini.
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 ㌀㘀⸀ 瀀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀愀 渀愀洀攀㴀∀挀㈀∀㸀㈀㰀⼀愀㸀⸀ 吀䠀䔀 COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE (1414-18) ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 Thus, the first attempt to suppress the schism, through the 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀椀氀椀愀爀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 戀礀 琀栀攀 挀愀爀搀椀渀愀氀猀Ⰰ 洀椀猀挀愀爀爀椀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀攀搀 one last possibility, the intervention of the Emperor-Elect, King Sigismund ⠀㐀 ⴀ㌀㜀⤀Ⰰ 倀爀漀琀攀挀琀漀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀椀洀攀猀 眀栀攀渀 愀渀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 挀漀甀氀搀 椀渀琀攀爀瘀攀渀攀 with armed forces to pacify the Church had gone long ago, and Sigismund could 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀 瀀愀挀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀渀氀礀 戀礀 爀攀猀漀爀琀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀椀氀椀愀爀 椀搀攀愀⸀ 䠀攀 漀昀昀攀爀攀搀 obedience to John XXIII on the condition that the latter would agree to the 挀漀渀瘀漀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 漀昀 唀渀椀漀渀 愀琀 䌀漀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀⸀ 匀椀最椀猀洀甀渀搀 愀渀渀漀甀渀挀攀搀 琀栀攀 convocation in 1413 and was followed in this by John XXIII. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 The latter regarded the new Council as the continuation of that 漀昀 倀椀猀愀Ⰰ 攀砀瀀攀挀琀椀渀最 琀漀 戀攀 爀攀挀漀渀昀椀爀洀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 戀椀猀栀漀瀀猀 眀栀漀 栀攀氀搀 愀 洀愀樀漀爀椀琀礀 at the Council. The Council was opened on November 5th, 1414. The non-Italian 瀀爀攀氀愀琀攀猀 搀攀洀愀渀搀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 瘀漀琀椀渀最 猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 漀甀琀 渀漀琀 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 number of prelates present, but according to the system adopted by medieval 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀⸀ 䄀氀氀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀 眀攀爀攀 搀椀瘀椀搀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 昀漀甀爀 渀愀琀椀漀渀猠᐀琀栀攀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀猀Ⰰ 挀漀洀瀀爀椀猀椀渀最 prelates from the whole of central and eastern Europe together with Scandinavia; 琀栀攀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 愀渀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䤀爀椀猀栀 愀渀搀 匀挀漀琀猀㬀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀猀⸀ 䰀愀琀攀爀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀 Spain had joined the Council, she obtained the fifth vote. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 Seeing that his hopes for reconfirmation had vanished (his 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 氀椀昀攀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 戀氀愀洀攀⤀ 䨀漀栀渀 堀堀䤀䤀䤀 攀猀挀愀瀀攀搀 琀漀 栀椀猀 昀爀椀攀渀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䐀甀欀攀 of Tyrol. But again, the expectation that his disappearance would wreck the 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 眀愀猀 昀爀甀猀琀爀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 攀渀攀爀最攀琀椀挀 椀渀琀攀爀瘀攀渀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䬀椀渀最 匀椀最椀猀洀甀渀搀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 forbade the members of the Council to leave Constance. This treacherous ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
72 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
action of Pope John’s resulted in the conciliar theory being 漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀氀礀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 洀攀洀戀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 椀渀 椀琀猀 昀甀氀氀攀猀琀
sense. Gerson, Chancellor of the University of Paris, took the initiative in his 猀瀀攀攀挀栀 漀渀 䴀愀爀挀栀 ㈀㌀爀搀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 洀愀搀攀 椀琀 愀 氀愀眀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀愀洀漀甀猀 搀攀挀爀攀攀 㰀椀㸀匀愀挀爀漀猀愀渀挀琀愀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瘀漀琀攀搀 漀渀 䄀瀀爀椀氀 㘀琀栀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀椀猀 搀攀挀爀攀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 搀攀挀氀愀爀攀搀 椀琀猀攀氀昀
an ecumenical assembly with full jurisdiction given it by Christ. Therefore, all 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀猀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀渀 琀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攀Ⰰ 洀甀猀琀 漀戀攀礀 椀琀猀 搀攀挀椀猀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 洀愀琀琀攀爀猀 漀昀 昀愀椀琀栀Ⰰ 漀昀
union, and of Church reform. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
The cardinals saw in this decree a curtailment of their own 爀椀最栀琀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀礀 瀀爀漀琀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 瘀愀椀渀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 椀琀猀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀愀渀挀攀⸀ 䤀渀 攀砀攀挀甀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀
powers which the Council gave itself, an order was issued to arrest the fugitive 瀀漀瀀攀⸀ 䠀攀 眀愀猀 琀愀欀攀渀 瀀爀椀猀漀渀攀爀Ⰰ 椀渀挀愀爀挀攀爀愀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 搀攀瀀漀猀攀搀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀䤀琀 眀愀猀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀Ⰰ 渀漀眀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 愀 瀀漀瀀攀Ⰰ pretended to function as the supreme authority in all ecclesiastical matters, 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 愀猀猀攀洀戀氀攀搀 䘀愀琀栀攀爀猀Ⰰ 愀渀砀椀漀甀猀 琀漀 猀栀漀眀 琀栀攀椀爀 猀漀氀椀挀椀琀甀搀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 瀀甀爀攀 Catholic faith, hastened their condemnation of the heretical doctrines of the 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 爀攀昀漀爀洀攀爀 圀礀挀氀椀昀 愀渀搀 漀昀 栀椀猀 䌀稀攀挀栀 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀爀 䨀漀栀渀 䠀甀猀猀⸀ 䤀渀 栀椀猀 稀攀愀氀 昀漀爀 Church reform, Wyclif overstepped himself, demanding the absolute poverty of the 䌀栀甀爀挀栀Ⰰ 眀栀漀猀攀 眀攀愀氀琀栀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 琀愀欀攀渀 漀瘀攀爀 戀礀 琀栀攀 匀琀愀琀攀⸀ 䠀攀 爀攀最愀爀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀 as an invisible society, composed of souls predestined for salvation. Its head 眀愀猀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瀀愀瀀愀挀礀 眀愀猀 椀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀搀 戀礀 䄀渀琀椀挀栀爀椀猀琀⸀ 䠀攀 爀攀樀攀挀琀攀搀 愀氀氀 琀栀漀猀攀 religious practices which gave occasion to the abuses he criticized, declaring 琀栀攀 䈀椀戀氀攀 琀漀 戀攀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀 漀昀 昀愀椀琀栀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀吀栀攀猀攀 搀漀挀琀爀椀渀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 挀漀渀搀攀洀渀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 ⠀漀渀 䴀愀礀 㐀琀栀Ⰰ 㐀㔀⤀ which then devoted all its attention to the doctrine and person of John Huss. 吀栀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀Ⰰ 愀 瀀椀漀甀猀 愀渀搀 瘀椀爀琀甀漀甀猀 洀愀渀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 愀 稀攀愀氀漀甀猀 爀攀昀漀爀洀攀爀 椀渀 䈀漀栀攀洀椀愀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 栀攀 incurred the displeasure of the Archbishop of Prague by criticizing abuses too 猀栀愀爀瀀氀礀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 琀栀攀 椀爀漀渀礀 漀昀 昀愀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 氀攀愀猀琀 氀攀最椀琀椀洀愀琀攀 瀀漀瀀攀Ⰰ 䨀漀栀渀 XXIII, who provoked Huss’ most violent criticism. When John promised indulgences 琀漀 愀氀氀 眀栀漀 眀漀甀氀搀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀 琀漀 栀椀猀 䌀爀甀猀愀搀攀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 䬀椀渀最 漀昀 一愀瀀氀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 refused to accept his obedience, Huss protested against the preaching and “sale” 漀昀 椀渀搀甀氀最攀渀挀攀猀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀椀洀最 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀∀ ∀ 猀爀挀㴀∀氀椀渀攀开搀漀眀渀⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㔀㤀㘀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㠀∀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀㜀㌀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀䤀琀 眀愀猀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀椀猀 椀渀挀椀搀攀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 瀀甀琀 椀渀琀漀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最 栀椀猀 琀攀愀挀栀椀渀最 on the Church inspired by Wyclif’s ideas.
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 Huss had a large following among the Czech people and the 渀漀戀椀氀椀琀礀⸀ 䔀砀挀漀洀洀甀渀椀挀愀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 猀甀猀瀀攀渀搀攀搀Ⰰ 栀攀 眀愀猀 眀椀氀氀椀渀最 琀漀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀 愀琀 䌀漀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀 after Sigismund promised to provide him with a letter of safe conduct. Although 猀琀椀氀氀 甀渀搀攀爀 猀甀猀瀀攀渀猀椀漀渀Ⰰ 栀攀 戀攀最愀渀 瀀爀攀愀挀栀椀渀最 椀渀 䌀漀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 椀洀瀀爀椀猀漀渀攀搀⸀ 䤀琀 is questionable how far Huss believed all the thirty theses extracted from his 眀漀爀欀猀Ⰰ 漀昀琀攀渀 爀攀最愀爀搀氀攀猀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀砀琀Ⰰ 椀渀 昀愀挀攀 漀昀 栀椀猀 昀爀攀焀甀攀渀琀 瀀爀漀琀攀猀琀猀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 was unjustly accused of heretical teaching. He stubbornly refused to recant the 栀攀爀攀琀椀挀愀氀 搀漀挀琀爀椀渀攀猀 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 栀攀 眀愀猀 愀挀挀甀猀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 挀漀渀搀攀洀渀攀搀 愀猀 愀渀 漀戀猀琀椀渀愀琀攀 heretic. Sigismund made no attempt to save him from extradition by the Council 愀渀搀 昀爀漀洀 戀甀爀渀椀渀最 愀琀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀欀攀 漀渀 䨀甀氀礀 㘀琀栀Ⰰ 㐀㔀⸀ 䄀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 昀愀琀攀 戀攀昀攀氀氀 䠀甀猀猠ᤀ friend, Jerome of Prague, in 1416. By condemning heretical teachings, the 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 最愀椀渀攀搀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 攀砀攀挀甀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䨀漀栀渀 䠀甀猀猀 瀀爀漀瘀漀欀攀搀 愀 渀攀眀 猀琀漀爀洀 椀渀 Central Europe which disturbed the peace in the Church for many years to come. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 After the deposition of John XXIII, the way for the liquidation 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀挀栀椀猀洀 眀愀猀 洀愀搀攀 攀愀猀椀攀爀 戀礀 琀栀攀 瘀漀氀甀渀琀愀爀礀 愀戀搀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䜀爀攀最漀爀礀 堀䤀䤀 ⠀䨀甀氀礀Ⰰ 1415), after he had published a Bull formally legitimizing the Council. Benedict 堀䤀䤀䤀 漀昀 䄀瘀椀最渀漀渀Ⰰ 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 愀戀愀渀搀漀渀攀搀 戀礀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 爀攀昀甀猀攀搀 琀漀 愀戀搀椀挀愀琀攀 愀渀搀 琀漀漀欀 refuge in Peniscola in Spain. Even though both Spain and Portugal abandoned his 漀戀攀搀椀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 栀攀 爀攀昀甀猀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀猀椀最渀 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 搀攀瀀漀猀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 漀渀 䨀甀氀礀 ㈀㘀琀栀Ⰰ 1417. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 The German and English nations insisted on postponing the 攀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀攀眀 瀀漀瀀攀 甀渀琀椀氀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 瘀漀琀攀 漀昀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 搀攀挀爀攀攀猀 漀渀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀 reform. After protracted negotiations, a compromise was reached. The most 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀椀瘀攀 搀攀挀爀攀攀猀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 㰀椀㸀䘀爀攀焀甀攀渀猀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瀀爀漀洀甀氀最愀琀攀搀 漀渀 伀挀琀漀戀攀爀 㤀琀栀Ⰰ 1417, transformed the conciliar organization into a permanent institution, which 眀漀甀氀搀 攀砀攀爀挀椀猀攀 愀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 瀀愀瀀愀挀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 渀攀砀琀 挀漀甀渀挀椀氀 眀愀猀 琀漀 戀攀 convoked in five years, to be followed by another after seven years. Thereafter, 愀 挀漀甀渀挀椀氀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 挀漀渀瘀攀渀攀 攀瘀攀爀礀 琀攀渀 礀攀愀爀猀⸀ 吀栀攀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 挀漀氀氀攀最椀甀洀 漀昀 昀椀昀琀礀ⴀ猀椀砀 voters, cardinals and six ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
74 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
representatives of each nation, assembled in conclave and elected 倀漀瀀攀 䴀愀爀琀椀渀 嘀 漀渀 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 琀栀Ⰰ 㐀㜀⸀ 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀∀㸀嬀崀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀唀渀昀漀爀琀甀渀愀琀攀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀甀挀栀 搀攀猀椀爀攀搀 爀攀昀漀爀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 seriously attempted. The seven decrees voted at the forty-third session in March, 㐀㠀Ⰰ 漀渀氀礀 琀爀椀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀洀攀搀礀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 挀漀渀猀攀焀甀攀渀挀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀挀栀椀猀洀 愀渀搀 挀甀爀琀愀椀氀攀搀 certain fiscal prerogatives of the curia. The pope himself concluded individual 挀漀渀挀漀爀搀愀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 攀愀挀栀 渀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 最椀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀洀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 挀漀渀挀攀猀猀椀漀渀猀 愀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀栀漀椀挀攀 漀昀 cardinals and also in fiscal and administrative matters. Martin V, whose 愀甀琀栀漀爀椀琀礀 栀愀搀 最爀漀眀渀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀愀戀氀礀 椀渀 猀瀀椀琀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀渀琀椀ⴀ瀀愀瀀愀氀 愀琀洀漀猀瀀栀攀爀攀 挀爀攀愀琀攀搀 by the conciliar theory, closed the Council on April 22nd, 1418, after its last 愀渀搀 昀漀爀琀礀ⴀ昀椀昀琀栀 猀攀猀猀椀漀渀⸀ 䠀攀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀氀礀 愀瀀瀀爀漀瘀攀 琀栀攀 搀攀挀椀猀椀漀渀猀 洀愀搀攀 愀渀搀 椀渀 forbidding appeals from the pope to a council he indirectly condemned the 挀漀渀挀椀氀椀愀爀 椀搀攀愀⸀ 伀渀氀礀 椀渀 㐀㐀㘀 搀椀搀 栀椀猀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀漀爀 䔀甀最攀渀椀甀猀 䤀嘀 搀攀挀氀愀爀攀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 accepted the decrees of Constance in so far as they did not curtail the 愀甀琀栀漀爀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 瀀爀椀洀愀挀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀愀瀀愀挀礀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀 3. THE 䌀伀唀一䌀䤀䰀 伀䘀 䈀䄀匀䰀䔀ⴀ䘀䔀刀刀䄀刀䄀䘀䰀伀刀䔀一䌀䔀 ⠀㐀㌀ⴀ㐀㔀⤀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 瀀愀瀀愀挀礀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀挀漀瘀攀爀 椀琀猀 爀椀最栀琀昀甀氀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 the Church, the conciliar theory did not die without a struggle. Martin V, 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 搀攀挀椀猀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 漀昀 䌀漀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 愀昀琀攀爀 昀椀瘀攀 礀攀愀爀猀 挀漀渀瘀漀欀攀搀 a new council in Pavia. The assembly was transferred to Siena, but, as only a 昀攀眀 戀椀猀栀漀瀀猀 栀愀搀 愀爀爀椀瘀攀搀Ⰰ 栀攀 搀椀猀猀漀氀瘀攀搀 椀琀⸀ 䤀渀 猀瀀椀琀攀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀愀椀氀甀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 戀椀猀栀漀瀀猀 insisted on the convocation of a new synod after seven years, as had been 搀攀挀爀攀攀搀 愀琀 䌀漀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀⸀ 䴀愀爀琀椀渀 嘀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀 昀漀爀挀攀搀 琀漀 猀甀洀洀漀渀 愀 渀攀眀 猀礀渀漀搀 愀琀 Basle (1431), appointing Cardinal Julian Cesarini as director of its debates.
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 It seemed likely that the Council of Basle would end in the same 眀愀礀 愀猀 栀愀搀 琀栀攀 猀礀渀漀搀 漀昀 倀愀瘀椀愀ⴀ匀椀攀渀愀⸀ 䌀攀猀愀爀椀渀椀Ⰰ 挀漀渀昀椀爀洀攀搀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀㰀戀㸀 1. The Council prescribed a special profession of faith for the newlyelected pope. In the formula of the profession only one Lateran Council— 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 琀栀攀 䘀漀甀爀琀栠᐀愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀猀 漀昀 䰀礀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 嘀椀攀渀渀攀 眀攀爀攀 愀搀搀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀椀最栀琀 Ecumenical Councils enumerated in Gratian’s collection of canon law. The 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀 眀愀猀 猀漀漀渀 愀戀愀渀搀漀渀攀搀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀㰀椀洀最 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀∀ ∀ 猀爀挀㴀∀氀椀渀攀开搀漀眀渀⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㔀㤀㘀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㠀∀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀㜀㔀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀椀渀 栀椀猀 瀀爀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀椀愀氀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀 戀礀 䴀愀爀琀椀渠ᤀ猀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀漀爀 䔀甀最攀渀椀甀猀 䤀嘀Ⰰ thought that it was more important as papal legate to direct the Crusade against 琀栀攀 䠀甀猀猀椀琀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀漀 猀攀渀琀 漀渀氀礀 栀椀猀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀愀琀椀瘀攀猀 琀漀 䈀愀猀氀攀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 漀瀀攀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 Council on July 23rd, though not one bishop had yet appeared. The Crusade 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 䠀甀猀猀椀琀攀猀 攀渀搀攀搀 椀渀 搀椀猀愀猀琀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䌀攀猀愀爀椀渀椀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 栀愀搀 戀愀爀攀氀礀 攀猀挀愀瀀攀搀 being taken prisoner, appeared in Basle in September. Because the number of 搀攀氀攀最愀琀攀猀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀搀 瘀攀爀礀 猀氀漀眀氀礀 愀渀搀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 䴀愀爀琀椀渀 嘀 栀愀搀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 爀攀愀挀栀攀搀 agreement with the Greeks to hold a Council of union in Italy, the pope, 搀椀猀挀漀甀爀愀最攀搀 戀礀 攀砀愀最最攀爀愀琀攀搀 爀攀瀀漀爀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 䈀愀猀氀攀Ⰰ 搀椀猀猀漀氀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 Council.
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 Before the papal decision had reached Basle Cesarini, after his 猀愀搀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀攀渀挀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 氀愀猀琀 䌀爀甀猀愀搀攀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 䠀甀猀猀椀琀攀猀Ⰰ 栀愀搀 椀渀瘀椀琀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 representatives to appear in Basle for peaceful negotiations. The papal Bull of 搀椀猀猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 最爀攀攀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 搀椀猀洀愀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 䘀愀琀栀攀爀猀 爀攀昀甀猀攀搀 琀漀 漀戀攀礀 愀渀搀 爀攀渀攀眀攀搀 琀栀攀 decree Sacrosancla of Constance, defining the superiority of the Council over 琀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀䈀攀挀愀甀猀攀 匀椀最椀猀洀甀渀搀 眀愀猀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 瀀愀挀椀昀礀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䠀甀猀猀椀琀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 refused to recognize him as King of Bohemia, the Council continued its 渀攀最漀琀椀愀琀椀漀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 洀漀搀攀爀愀琀攀 瀀愀爀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䠀甀猀猀椀琀攀猀 愀渀搀 椀渀搀甀挀攀搀 琀栀攀洀 琀漀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀Ⰰ on November 30th, 1433, the socalled Compacts of Prague, which gave them 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀瘀椀氀攀最攀 漀昀 䌀漀洀洀甀渀椀漀渀 甀渀搀攀爀 戀漀琀栀 猀瀀攀挀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 挀漀渀挀攀猀猀椀漀渀猀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀椀渀最 free preaching, punishment of public sinners and limitation of Church property.
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 This was a great success for the Council of Basle and it was 最爀攀攀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 爀攀氀椀攀昀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 椀渀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀礀Ⰰ 眀栀漀猀攀 挀爀甀猀愀搀椀渀最 攀砀瀀攀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 栀愀搀 愀氀氀 ended in defeat and whose lands, bordering on Bohemia, had been plundered by the 瘀椀挀琀漀爀椀漀甀猀 䠀甀猀猀椀琀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攀Ⰰ 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 椀渀 愀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 刀漀洀攀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 himself forced to revoke the Bull of dissolution and to legitimize the Council 漀昀 䈀愀猀氀攀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀吀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攠ᤀ猀 搀攀挀椀猀椀漀渀 挀愀洀攀 琀漀漀 氀愀琀攀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀攀愀渀琀椀洀攀 琀栀攀 Council had put into practice the conciliar principles. The Council was divided 椀渀琀漀 昀漀甀爀 渀愀琀椀漀渀猠᐀䘀爀攀渀挀栀Ⰰ 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀Ⰰ 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 愀渀搀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栠᐀愀渀搀 愀渀礀 瀀爀漀挀甀爀愀琀漀爀 漀爀 doctor, accepted as a member,
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
76 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
had full voting rights on a par with the cardinals and bishops 眀栀漀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀 愀 栀漀瀀攀氀攀猀猀 洀椀渀漀爀椀琀礀⸀ 䤀渀 猀瀀椀琀攀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 攀渀搀攀愀瘀漀甀爀攀搀 琀漀
act as the supreme authority in the Church. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
Apart from the reconciliation with the Hussites, Church reform 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 洀愀椀渀 瀀爀攀漀挀挀甀瀀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䴀愀渀礀 甀猀攀昀甀氀 搀攀挀爀攀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 瘀漀琀攀搀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 椀渀
matters of clerical life, organization of local synods, and the celebration of 琀栀攀 氀椀琀甀爀最礀⸀ 䤀渀 漀琀栀攀爀 搀攀挀爀攀攀猀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 愀渀琀椀ⴀ瀀愀瀀愀氀 琀攀渀搀攀渀挀礀 瀀爀攀搀漀洀椀渀愀琀攀搀⸀
Right of appeal to the pope was curtailed and all taxes demanded by the curia 猀甀瀀瀀爀攀猀猀攀搀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 搀攀瀀爀椀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攀猀 漀昀 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 椀渀挀漀洀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀甀猀
putting the papacy at the mercy of a Council whose composition did not 挀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀 眀椀琀栀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀 琀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䔀甀最攀渀椀甀猀 䤀嘀 瀀爀漀琀攀猀琀攀搀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 猀甀挀栀 搀攀挀爀攀攀猀Ⰰ
but without success. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
The Council of Basle was also interested in promoting union with 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 漀昀 匀椀最椀猀洀甀渀搀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 眀愀猀 眀攀愀爀椀攀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀
progress of the Turks against Byzantium, in Serbia and Bulgaria, in the vicinity 漀昀 䠀甀渀最愀爀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀攀昀攀愀琀 眀栀椀挀栀 栀攀 猀甀昀昀攀爀攀搀 愀琀 一椀挀漀瀀漀氀椀猀 ⠀㌀㤀㘀⤀ 猀栀漀眀攀搀 栀椀洀 琀栀攀
magnitude of the Turkish danger. He therefore encouraged negotiations with the 䜀爀攀攀欀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 戀攀最甀渀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 戀礀 䴀愀爀琀椀渀 嘀 愀渀搀 眀栀椀挀栀 䔀甀最攀渀椀甀猀 䤀嘀 栀愀搀
successfully concluded. The Emperor John VIII Palaeologus, menaced on all sides 戀礀 琀栀攀 伀琀琀漀洀愀渀 吀甀爀欀猀Ⰰ 猀愀眀 挀氀攀愀爀氀礀 琀栀愀琀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 栀攀氀瀀 漀昀 琀栀攀 圀攀猀琀 栀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀
save the remnants of his empire or even the city itself. From past experience it 眀愀猀 攀瘀椀搀攀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀猀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 氀攀搀 琀漀 甀渀椀漀渀 漀渀氀礀 戀礀 愀 搀攀挀椀猀椀漀渀 洀愀搀攀 椀渀 愀渀
Ecumenical Council. If the council could not be held in Constantinople, a 瀀漀猀猀椀戀椀氀椀琀礀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀猀 昀愀瘀漀甀爀攀搀 愀渀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 挀椀琀礀 洀漀爀攀
accessible to them. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
It was over this question about the location of such a council 琀栀愀琀 䈀愀猀氀攀 洀愀搀攀 愀 搀攀昀椀渀椀琀攀 戀爀攀愀欀 眀椀琀栀 䔀甀最攀渀椀甀猀 䤀嘀⸀ 吀栀攀 洀愀樀漀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀椀氀椀愀爀
members—Basle had sent her own delegates to Constantinople—favoured Avignon or 䈀愀猀氀攀⸀ 䌀攀猀愀爀椀渀椀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 洀椀渀漀爀椀琀礀 猀椀搀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 䔀甀最攀渀椀甀猀 䤀嘀 眀栀漀Ⰰ 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀
wishes of the Greeks, preferred an Italian city. Encouraged by the split at 䈀愀猀氀攀Ⰰ 䔀甀最攀渀椀甀猀 䤀嘀 搀椀猀瀀愀琀挀栀攀搀 愀 栀椀爀攀搀 昀氀攀攀琀 琀漀 䌀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀椀渀漀瀀氀攀 琀漀 琀爀愀渀猀瀀漀爀琀 琀栀攀
Emperor, the patriarch and the delegation of ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
77 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
700 Greeks to Italy. Although Basle also sent boats to 䌀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀椀渀漀瀀氀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 猀椀搀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攀 眀栀漀 栀愀搀
proposed Ferrara as the seat of the Council. On September 18th, 1437, the pope 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 昀爀漀洀 䈀愀猀氀攀 琀漀 䘀攀爀爀愀爀愀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 洀愀樀漀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀攀洀戀攀爀猀
revolted, refusing to obey the papal order. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
The Council for the union with the Greeks was opened at Ferrara 漀渀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 㠀琀栀 愀渀搀 椀猀 爀攀最愀爀搀攀搀 愀猀 琀栀攀 氀攀最椀琀椀洀愀琀攀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 漀昀
Basle. The Greek delegation, headed by the Emperor John VIII Palaeologus ⠀㐀㈀㔀ⴀ㐀㠀⤀ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 攀挀甀洀攀渀椀挀愀氀 瀀愀琀爀椀愀爀挀栀 䨀漀猀攀瀀栀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 搀攀氀攀最愀琀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 琀栀爀攀攀
other Eastern patriarchates arrived in March. The Emperor asked for postponement 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀攀戀愀琀攀猀 栀漀瀀椀渀最 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀攀愀渀琀椀洀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀瘀漀礀猀 漀昀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 瀀爀椀渀挀攀猀Ⰰ 昀爀漀洀
whom he expected military help, would appear. Only few princes sent 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀愀琀椀瘀攀猀⸀ 伀琀栀攀爀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 昀愀瘀漀甀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 漀昀 䈀愀猀氀攀 漀爀 搀攀挀氀愀爀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀
neutrality in the controversy between the pope and Basle. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
The discussions on purgatory began in June, but were fruitless, 愀渀搀 琀栀攀礀 爀攀瘀攀愀氀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀 琀栀攀漀氀漀最椀愀渀猀 栀愀搀 渀漀 挀氀攀愀爀 椀搀攀愀猀 漀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀⸀
After the arrival of Isidor, Metropolitan of Kiev, the addition of the Filioque to the Creed was debated, but no agreement was reached. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
The pope, finding himself unable to entertain the large Greek 搀攀氀攀最愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 洀愀渀礀 䰀愀琀椀渀 琀栀攀漀氀漀最椀愀渀猀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 漀戀氀椀最攀搀 琀漀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀 琀栀攀 漀昀昀攀爀 漀昀
the city of Florence which was willing to bear the financial burden. Because the 瀀氀愀最甀攀 眀愀猀 爀愀最椀渀最 椀渀 䘀攀爀爀愀爀愀Ⰰ 栀攀 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 琀漀 䘀氀漀爀攀渀挀攀 漀渀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀
10th, 1439. The dogmatic discussions on the procession of the Holy Ghost —the 洀愀椀渀 漀戀猀琀愀挀氀攀 琀漀 甀渀椀漀渠᐀戀攀最愀渀 椀渀 䘀攀戀爀甀愀爀礀 愀渀搀 氀愀猀琀攀搀 琀椀氀氀 䨀甀渀攀⸀ 䈀椀猀栀漀瀀 䴀愀爀欀
Eugenicus of Ephesus stubbornly refused to accept the Latin explanation, but 漀眀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀瘀攀渀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀攀愀爀渀攀搀 䈀攀猀猀愀爀椀漀渀Ⰰ 䴀攀琀爀漀瀀漀氀椀琀愀渀 漀昀 一椀挀愀攀愀Ⰰ 愀渀搀
other Greek prelates, the Greeks finally accepted the formula that the Holy 䜀栀漀猀琀 搀攀爀椀瘀攀猀 椀渀 攀猀猀攀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 椀渀 戀攀椀渀最 愀琀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 琀椀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䘀愀琀栀攀爀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀
Son and that he proceeds eternally from both, as from one principle and through 愀 猀椀渀最氀攀 猀瀀椀爀愀琀椀漀渀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀吀栀椀猀 愀挀挀漀爀搀 眀愀猀 爀攀愀挀栀攀搀 琀眀漀 搀愀礀猀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀椀洀最 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀∀ ∀ 猀爀挀㴀∀氀椀渀攀开搀漀眀渀⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㔀㤀㘀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㠀∀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀㜀㠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀瀀愀琀爀椀愀爀挀栀 ⠀䨀甀渀攀 琀栀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀椀漀渀猀 漀渀 瀀甀爀最愀琀漀爀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 Eucharist and the Roman primacy were long and interspersed with dangerous 挀爀椀猀攀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 愀琀 氀愀猀琀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 愀最爀攀攀洀攀渀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 琀攀愀挀栀椀渀最 漀昀 瀀甀爀最愀琀漀爀礀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 Eucharist—with leavened or unleavened bread—was reached. Finally it was defined 琀栀愀琀†ᰀ琀栀攀 栀漀氀礀 愀瀀漀猀琀漀氀椀挀 匀攀攀 漀昀 刀漀洀攀 栀愀搀 ⠀猀瀀椀爀椀琀甀愀氀⤀ 瀀爀椀洀愀挀礀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 眀栀漀氀攀 world. The Roman Pontiff himself, as the successor of St Peter, the Prince of 琀栀攀 䄀瀀漀猀琀氀攀猀Ⰰ 椀猀 琀栀攀 琀爀甀攀 嘀椀挀愀爀 漀昀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 栀攀愀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀栀漀氀攀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 Father and teacher of all Christians. To him—in the person of Peter—has been 最椀瘀攀渀 戀礀 漀甀爀 䰀漀爀搀 䨀攀猀甀猀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀Ⰰ 昀甀氀氀 瀀漀眀攀爀 琀漀 昀攀攀搀Ⰰ 爀甀氀攀 愀渀搀 最漀瘀攀爀渀 琀栀攀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀 universal, as it is also expressed in the Acts of the Ecumenical Councils and in 琀栀攀 栀漀氀礀 挀愀渀漀渀猀⸠ᴀ 吀栀攀 搀攀挀爀攀攀 漀昀 甀渀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 猀椀最渀攀搀 戀礀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀猀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀 眀椀琀栀 two exceptions, and by the pope and the Latin prelates on July 6th, 1439. ऀ㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀㈀∀㸀嬀㈀崀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀吀栀攀 挀漀渀挀氀甀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 甀渀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀猀 眀愀猀 愀 最爀攀愀琀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀 昀漀爀 Eugenius IV and helped him, not only to vanquish the Council of Basle, but also 琀漀 猀琀漀瀀 愀渀礀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀椀氀椀愀爀 洀漀瘀攀洀攀渀琀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 琀爀礀椀渀最 琀漀 introduce radical changes into the constitution of the Church. In vain had the 爀攀戀攀氀氀椀漀甀猀 洀攀洀戀攀爀猀 漀昀 䈀愀猀氀攀 搀攀挀氀愀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 猀甀瀀攀爀椀漀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 pope as dogma. Not even the deposition of Eugenius IV and the election of the 䐀甀欀攀 漀昀 匀愀瘀漀礀 ⠀䘀攀氀椀砀 嘀⤀ 愀猀 愀渀琀椀ⴀ瀀漀瀀攀 洀愀搀攀 琀栀攀 搀攀猀椀爀攀搀 椀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀⸀ 䔀甀最攀渀椀甀猀 䤀嘀 answered by an excommunication of the rebels and continued his work for union 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀攀猀⸀ 伀渀 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 ㈀㈀渀搀Ⰰ 㐀㌀㤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䄀爀洀攀渀椀愀渀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀 挀漀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀 愀 union and the Copts from Egypt followed on February 4th, 1442. After the 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 琀漀 刀漀洀攀Ⰰ 椀渀 匀攀瀀琀攀洀戀攀爀 㐀㐀㌀Ⰰ 甀渀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 匀礀爀椀愀挀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀 was concluded, and in August, 1445, some Chaldaeans and Mar onites from Cyprus 樀漀椀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀 漀昀 刀漀洀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀愀琀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀椀渀愀氀 挀氀漀猀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 椀猀 渀漀琀 known.
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀愀 渀愀洀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀㈀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀 䄀挀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 唀渀椀愀琀攀 Bishop Abraham of Crete, with the permission of the Curia called the Council of 䘀氀漀爀攀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 䔀椀最栀琀栀 䔀挀甀洀攀渀椀挀愀氀Ⰰ 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀 琀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䠀椀猀 contemporaries Cardinals Reginald Pole and Contarini, also regarded this Council 愀猀 琀栀攀 䔀椀最栀琀栀 䔀挀甀洀攀渀椀挀愀氀⸀ 吀栀椀猀†ᰀ攀爀爀漀爠ᴀ 眀愀猀†ᰀ挀漀爀爀攀挀琀攀搠ᴀⰀ 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 councils in the seventeenth century. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
79 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
In the meantime, Eugenius IV continued to win over to his 漀戀攀搀椀攀渀挀攀 琀栀漀猀攀 瀀爀椀渀挀攀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 栀攀猀椀琀愀琀椀渀最 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 瀀愀瀀愀挀礀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀戀攀氀猀 椀渀
Basle. Through the conclusion of concordats he won over Aragon, Scotland, the 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 瀀爀椀渀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 䘀爀攀搀攀爀椀挀欀 䤀䤀䤀⸀ 䘀爀攀搀攀爀椀挀欀 攀瘀椀挀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀椀氀椀愀爀
members from Basle in 1448. They moved to Lausanne, and after their pope had 爀攀猀椀最渀攀搀 椀渀 㐀㐀㤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 洀攀琀 椀琀猀 椀渀最氀漀爀椀漀甀猀 攀渀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 瘀椀挀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀愀瀀愀挀礀
over the dangerous and erroneous doctrine was achieved finally with the help of 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀猀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀吀栀攀 搀椀猀甀渀椀琀礀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 瀀爀椀渀挀攀猀 眀愀猀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀渀礀 reasons why the union with the Greeks and other Churches concluded at Florence 愀渀搀 刀漀洀攀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 氀愀猀琀⸀ 䔀甀最攀渀椀甀猀 䤀嘀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 昀漀爀最攀琀 栀椀猀 瀀爀漀洀椀猀攀 琀漀 戀爀椀渀最 洀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 help to the Greeks for the defence of their city. He himself entertained a small 挀漀渀琀椀渀最攀渀琀 漀昀 戀漀眀洀攀渀 椀渀 䌀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀椀渀漀瀀氀攀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 愀戀猀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 愀渀搀Ⰰ 椀渀 1442, he sent Cesarini to Central Europe to help Ladislas, King of Poland and 䠀甀渀最愀爀礀Ⰰ 琀漀 漀爀最愀渀椀稀攀 愀 䌀爀甀猀愀搀攀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 吀甀爀欀猀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 栀攀氀瀀 漀昀 䨀漀栀渀 䠀甀渀礀愀搀椀 of Transylvania, Serbia, Venice and Genoa. The crusaders had some success, and 瀀攀渀攀琀爀愀琀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 䈀甀氀最愀爀椀愀⸀ 吀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 嘀愀爀渀愀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 漀渀 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 琀栀Ⰰ 㐀㐀㐀Ⰰ in which the Christian army was defeated, King Ladislas and the legate Cesarini 欀椀氀氀攀搀Ⰰ 猀攀愀氀攀搀 琀栀攀 昀愀琀攀 漀昀 䌀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀椀渀漀瀀氀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀漀渀 椀渀 䜀爀攀攀挀攀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀吀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀 唀渀椀愀琀猀 栀愀搀 愀 搀愀渀最攀爀漀甀猀 愀渀琀愀最漀渀椀猀琀 椀渀 䴀愀爀欀 䔀甀最攀渀椀挀甀猀 眀栀漀 arrived in Constantinople before the Emperor and began to spread his 愀渀琀椀ⴀ甀渀椀漀渀椀猀琀 椀搀攀愀猀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀 洀漀渀欀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀⸀ 䈀甀琀 琀栀攀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 搀椀搀 not intervene, and this encouraged Mark and his friends. Distrust of the men who 栀愀搀 挀漀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 甀渀椀漀渀 最爀攀眀⸀ 䄀猀 渀漀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀琀椀愀氀 栀攀氀瀀 眀愀猀 昀漀爀琀栀挀漀洀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 West, the cause of the union was weakened. The pope sent Isidore, now a 挀愀爀搀椀渀愀氀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 攀砀瀀攀氀氀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 䴀漀猀挀漀眀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀栀漀 栀愀搀 昀愀椀氀攀搀 琀漀 攀渀昀漀爀挀攀 琀栀攀 union in the Russian lands under Poland-Lithuania—the leading Polish bishops 昀愀瘀漀甀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀戀攀氀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 漀昀 䈀愀猀氀攠᐀琀漀 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀 椀猀氀愀渀搀猀 愀渀搀 琀漀 䌀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀椀渀漀瀀氀攀 to help the Uniats. His reports contain interesting details showing that the 甀渀椀漀渀 栀愀搀 猀漀洀攀 挀栀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀愀氀⸀ 夀攀琀Ⰰ 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 䨀漀栀渀 嘀䤀䤀䤠ᤀ猀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀漀爀 Constantine XI remained
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
80 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
faithful to the union and encouraged the Uniats, dislike of the 䰀愀琀椀渀猀 眀愀猀 猀漀 搀攀攀瀀氀礀 爀漀漀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀挀攀 琀栀愀琀 栀椀猀 攀昀昀漀爀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 瘀愀椀渀⸀
Almost no help came from the West and the last Emperor of Constantinople died 栀攀爀漀椀挀愀氀氀礀 漀渀 䴀愀礀 ㈀㤀琀栀Ⰰ 㐀㔀㌀Ⰰ 搀攀昀攀渀搀椀渀最 栀椀猀 挀椀琀礀 眀栀椀挀栀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 琀栀攀 挀愀瀀椀琀愀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀
Ottoman Empire. A new patriarch, Gernadius Scholarius, once in favour of the 甀渀椀漀渀Ⰰ 氀愀琀攀爀 椀琀猀 昀椀攀爀挀攀猀琀 攀渀攀洀礀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 椀渀猀琀愀氀氀攀搀 椀渀 䌀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀椀渀漀瀀氀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀
victorious Mohammed, and in 1484 the union of the Council of Florence was 漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀氀礀 爀攀瀀甀搀椀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 猀礀渀漀搀 栀攀氀搀 椀渀 䌀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀椀渀漀瀀氀攀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀 4. SURVIVALS 伀䘀 吀䠀䔀 䌀伀一䌀䤀䰀䤀䄀刀 吀䠀䔀伀刀夀㨀 吀䠀䔀 䘀䤀䘀吀䠀 䰀䄀吀䔀刀䄀一 䌀伀唀一䌀䤀䰀 ⠀㔀㈀ⴀ㜀⤀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀吀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 漀渀攀 攀渀搀甀爀椀渀最 爀攀猀甀氀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀漀渀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 昀爀漀洀 which the Western Church profited immensely, namely the growth of the prestige 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀愀瀀愀挀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀猀 栀愀搀 欀攀瀀琀 琀栀攀 琀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀 漀昀 愀 挀漀甀渀挀椀氀 漀瀀瀀漀猀攀搀 to the Western conciliar idea. According to this concept, a council was 攀挀甀洀攀渀椀挀愀氀 漀渀氀礀 眀栀攀渀 愀氀氀 昀椀瘀攀 瀀愀琀爀椀愀爀挀栀猀 眀攀爀攀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 刀漀洀愀渀 瀀愀琀爀椀愀爀挀栀Ⰰ the first, was not represented at Basle. Moreover, the composition of this 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 挀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 漀氀搀 漀爀琀栀漀搀漀砀 琀攀愀挀栀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 漀渀氀礀 戀椀猀栀漀瀀猀 栀愀搀 the right to vote. These considerations, among others, influenced the decision 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀猀Ⰰ 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 䈀愀猀氀攀 漀昀昀攀爀攀搀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 挀漀渀挀攀猀猀椀漀渀猀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀吀栀攀 爀漀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀愀瀀愀挀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀Ⰰ 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 攀渀栀愀渀挀攀搀 戀礀 椀琀猀 victory at Basle, was stressed by many canonists, in particular by Cardinal 吀漀爀焀甀攀洀愀搀愀⸀ 唀渀昀漀爀琀甀渀愀琀攀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攀猀 渀攀最氀攀挀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 挀氀愀洀漀甀爀 昀漀爀 爀攀昀漀爀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 Church in her head and members. The ideas of the Renaissance had penetrated the 挀漀氀氀攀最攀 漀昀 挀愀爀搀椀渀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瀀愀瀀愀氀 挀漀甀爀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 漀昀 挀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀 琀爀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀 stimulated enormously the cultural development of Europe, but the re-emphasis on 琀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀猀 漀昀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 琀栀漀甀最栀琀 愀渀搀 愀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀攀搀 椀渀 氀椀琀攀爀愀爀礀 愀渀搀 愀爀琀椀猀琀椀挀 classical works, created a wave of hedonism which led to acute moral decadence, 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 椀渀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀 昀椀昀攀⸀ 匀攀爀椀漀甀猀 爀攀昀漀爀洀 挀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 戀攀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 Renaissance popes, cardinals and bishops, and because
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
81 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀
of this, claims for the convocation of a new council of reform 眀攀爀攀 爀攀瀀攀愀琀攀搀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀吀栀攀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀猀 琀漀 爀攀瘀椀瘀攀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 漀昀 䈀愀猀氀攀 椀渀 㐀㠀㈀ 攀渀搀攀搀 椀渀 fiasco, but many princes used the conciliar idea as a weapon with which to 琀栀爀攀愀琀攀渀 琀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攀猀⸀ 伀渀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 栀愀渀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攀猀 眀栀漀猀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀椀琀礀 栀愀搀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀搀Ⰰ were reluctant to convoke a council which might degenerate into another schism. 䤀渀 漀瀀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 搀愀渀最攀爀Ⰰ 䨀甀氀椀甀猀 䤀䤀 眀愀猀 昀漀爀挀攀搀 琀漀 挀漀渀瘀漀欀攀 琀栀攀 䘀椀昀琀栀 Lateran Council (1512-17). Its main goal was to defeat the revolutionary 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀猀 洀愀搀攀 戀礀 䰀漀甀椀猀 堀䤀䤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 欀椀渀最Ⰰ 琀漀 挀漀渀瘀漀欀攀 愀渀 愀渀琀椀瀀愀瀀愀氀 猀礀渀漀搀 愀琀 Pisa in 1511, transferred in 1512 to Milan. The renewed threat of the 琀栀攀漀爀攀琀椀挀愀氀 猀甀瀀攀爀椀漀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 愀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攀 眀愀猀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 焀甀椀挀欀氀礀 dispelled by Julius’ successor Leo X who, in 1516, concluded a concordat with 䰀漀甀椀猀 堀䤀䤀☀⌀㌀㤀㬀猀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀漀爀Ⰰ 䘀爀愀渀挀椀猀 䤀Ⰰ 愀搀瘀愀渀琀愀最攀漀甀猀 琀漀 戀漀琀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀瀀瀀爀漀瘀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 Council of the Lateran.
ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 Although many suggestions on how to reform the Church were 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攀 戀礀 稀攀愀氀漀甀猀 爀攀昀漀爀洀攀爀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䰀愀琀攀爀愀渀 昀愀椀氀攀搀 琀漀 attack the most crying abuses, namely, pluralism (the accumulation of benefices 椀渀 琀栀攀 栀愀渀搀猀 漀昀 漀渀攀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀⤀Ⰰ 渀漀渀ⴀ爀攀猀椀搀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 椀渀挀甀洀戀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 戀攀渀攀昀椀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 others. The decrees, voted in the four sessions before the twelfth and final 洀攀攀琀椀渀最 ⠀䴀愀爀挀栀 㔀琀栀Ⰰ 㔀㜀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 瀀漀渀琀椀昀椀挀愀氀 䈀甀氀氀猀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 眀攀氀氀ⴀ洀攀愀渀琀 attempts to amend the taxation practice of the curia, to recommend the choice of 眀漀爀琀栀礀 戀椀猀栀漀瀀猀Ⰰ 琀漀 椀渀猀椀猀琀 漀渀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 椀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 瀀爀攀愀挀栀椀渀最Ⰰ 琀漀 愀瀀瀀爀漀瘀攀 琀栀攀 pawnshops (montes pietatis) and the censorship of religious works. They 眀攀爀攀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 攀渀昀漀爀挀攀搀⸀ 䰀攀漀 堀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 眀漀爀氀搀氀礀 挀甀爀椀愀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 昀愀爀 昀爀漀洀 becoming a reforming pope. The splendour of the papal court, with its many great 愀爀琀椀猀琀猀 愀渀搀 渀攀眀氀礀ⴀ愀挀焀甀椀爀攀搀 挀甀氀琀甀爀愀氀 琀爀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀Ⰰ 最愀瘀攀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 漀氀搀 days of superiority of the spiritual power had returned. ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 ऀ㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀 So it happened that the warnings given by the radical teachings 漀昀 圀礀挀氀椀昀 愀渀搀 䨀漀栀渀 䠀甀猀猀Ⰰ 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀 戀礀 猀漀挀椀愀氀 愀渀搀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 猀琀爀椀昀攀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 愀渀搀 Bohemia, stayed unheeded, although all this was provoked by decadence in Church 氀椀昀攀 愀渀搀 戀礀 愀 洀椀猀最甀椀搀攀搀 搀攀猀椀爀攀 昀漀爀 爀攀昀漀爀洀⸀ 嘀椀挀琀漀爀礀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀猀攀 爀攀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀椀洀最 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀∀ ∀ 猀爀挀㴀∀氀椀渀攀开搀漀眀渀⸀最椀昀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㔀㤀㘀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㠀∀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀㠀㈀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
ऀ㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀猀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀攀搀 猀漀 搀攀挀椀猀椀瘀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 瀀漀瀀攀猀 爀攀昀甀猀攀搀 琀漀 挀漀渀昀椀爀洀 the concessions called Compacts, given by the Fathers of the Council of Basle to 琀栀攀 洀漀搀攀爀愀琀攀 䠀甀猀猀椀琀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀Ⰰ 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 昀甀渀搀愀洀攀渀琀愀氀氀礀 䌀愀琀栀漀氀椀挀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 爀攀昀甀猀攀搀 the consecration of their elected archbishop. King George Podebrad was 攀砀挀漀洀洀甀渀椀挀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 倀愀甀氀 䤀䤀 愀渀搀 琀栀爀攀愀琀攀渀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 渀攀眀 䌀爀甀猀愀搀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 昀愀椀氀攀搀 琀漀 attain their religious aim and increased the bitterness against the papacy in 䌀攀渀琀爀愀氀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀
㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 ✀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀✀Ⰰ猀攀爀椀昀∀㸀嬀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀昀搀漀挀开㈀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀倀爀攀瘀椀漀甀猀㰀⼀愀㸀崀 [Next]
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀倀氀愀椀渀吀攀砀琀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㌀∀㸀 [Back 琀漀 䤀渀搀攀砀㰀⼀愀㸀崀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 㰀⼀戀漀搀礀㸀 㰀⼀栀琀洀氀㸀