Index
Abasgues, 172
Abbas, 194, 202, 203
Abbasids, 194, 202, 203, 206-09, 212-20, 222, 223, 227, 240, 241, 242, 248-53, 280; and Khwarizm, 266, 269; and Mongols, 266, 281, 284; and Seljuks, 223, 224
Abdahnalik (Abdul-Malik), 196, 197, 199, 200, 201
Abd-al Rahman (7th cent.), 199-200
Abd ar-Rahman I (8th cent.), 202-03
Abu-al-Fida, 234
Abu Bakr. 191
Abul-mahasin, 219
Abu Sufyan, 194
Abu Zayd al-Hasan, 279-80
Achab, 15
Achaemenids, 23-24, 26-34 passim, 45
Aeneas, 42-43, 56
Aeschylus:
Agamemnon, 32-33
Afghanistan, 199-200, 266, 272
Africa, 114; Arab Muslims, 133, 191, 193, 201, 213-14; Arab Muslims — Aghlabids, 206, 213, 219, 220; Arab Muslims — Fatimids, 143, 214, 219, 220-23, 231; Roman Empire, 66, 71, 110, 111, 128; see also Carthage/Carthaginians; Egypt; Libya
Africanus, Julius, 43
Africanus, Scipio see Scipio
Africanus the Elder; Scipio
Africanus the Younger
Aghlabids, 206, 213, 219, 220
Agrippa, 111, 113
Aila, 157, 169
Akr (Acre), 208
Alans, 166, 170, 172; and Mongols, 272, 289
Aleppo, 143, 208, 225, 226, 231
Alexander (bro. of Leo VI), 148, 244
Alexander Severus. 103, 109
Alexander the Great, 34-35, 41, 109, 111
Alexis 111
Angelos, 244
Ali, 191, 194, 220
Ali ibn Isa, 243
Alp Arslan, 223
Amenhotep II, 10
Amenhotep III, 11
Amenhotep IV see Ikhnaton
Amenophis III, 4, 10
Amenophis IV, 4
Al-Amin, 206. 241
Ammianus Marcellinus: Books of the History, 117, 118; Res gestae, 123
Anastasius I, 167, 169
Anastasius II, 146-47, 197
Andrew of Chernigov, 300
Andrew of Longjumeau, 287
Angelos, Alexis III see Alexis III Angelos
Angelos, Isaac II see Isaac II Angelos
Antes, 160-61
Anthony, Mark, 88, 89, 90-91, 93, 102
Antigonus, 35, 44
Antioch, 65, 143, 167, 208
317
318
Antiochus III, 65, 67, 68, 74
Appian, 67, 77
Apulians, 51
Arab Muslims, 46, 147-48, 153, 161-62, 188, 190-97, 199-203, 206-09, 212-20, 222, 223, 225-28, 230-31, 233-36, 239-54, 256, 258, 280; Africa, 133, 191, 193, 201, 208, 213-14 (see also Aghlabids; Carthage; Fatimids below); Aghlabids, 206, 213, 219, 220; and Armenia, 191, 193, 207, 236; army, 161, 162, 194, 195, 199, 215; Ayyubids, 208, 225, 226; and Bulgaria, 147, 196, 256; Buwayhids, 220, 223, 225, 227; and Byzantine Empire, 129, 133-34, 136, 140, 142, 143, 146-47, 148, 153, 154, 162, 175, 180, 191-92, 193, 195-96, 197, 199, 200, 201, 207-08, 235-36, 239-54, 256, 258; and Carthage, 191, 213; and China, 256; and Crusaders see Islam, and Christianity; and Cyprus, 153, 191, 249; Fatimids, 143, 214, 219, 220-23, 231; and Franks, 201, 206, 208, 227; Ikhshidids, 220, 223; Iraq, 191, 192, 193, 199-200, 202, 203, 206-08, 212, 214, 223 (see also Abbasids; Omayyads); Ismailis, 220, 222; Kharijites, 194; maritime activities, 133, 146, 147, 153, 154, 19192, 195, 196, 221, 222, 226; and Mongols, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 235, 266, 281, 284; Quarmatians, 218, 220, 222; and Rhodes, 153, 195; Shi'ites, 194, 200, 202, 203; and Sicily, 133, 191, 193, 207; Spain, 133, 175, 183, 193, 201, 202-03, 207, 223, 256; Sunnites, 208, 223; Tulunids, 213, 218, 219; see also Abbasids; Egypt (Arab Muslims); Islam; Mamluks; Omayyads; Syria, Arab Muslims
Aracin, 285
Arethas of Caesarea, 250
Argyrus, ndronicus, 134-136 passim
Ariq-bögä, 284
Aristo, 65
Aristotle, 109, 207
Armenia: and Arab Muslims, 191, 193, 207, 236; and Assyria, 17, 21. 22; and Byzantine Empire, 128, 167, 183, 223; and Cimmerians, 22; and Ottoman Empire, 235; and Persia, 24, 128, 167; and Pontus, 78; and Roman Empire, 45. 80, 111, 113; and Seljuks, 223, 224
armies: Arab Muslims, 161, 194, 195, 199, 215; Byzantine Empire, 140, 142, 149-52, 154, 161, 162, 194; Byzantine Empire — agentes in rebus, 109-10, 129-32, 137, 140, 149; camels, use of, 21, 162, 193; elephants, use of, 39-40; Greece, 41; horses, use of, 81, 87, 158-62 passim, 230, 276, 280; Mongols, 264, 265, 272, 274; Muscovy, 302, 304, 311; Persia, 194; Roman Empire, 117-18, 122; see also geographic and military intelligence
Arpad, 178
Arrian, 161
Arsaces,
Arsacids, 45
Artaxerxes (Ardashir I), 45
Artaxerxes II, 41
Ascelin, 287
Ashdod, 21
Assurbanapal, 18, 19, 21, 22, 27
Assurnasirapli II, 15, 21
Assyria, 3, 7, 15-23 passim, 27, 30, 40, 49; and Armenia, 17, 21, 22: and Babylonia, 18, 22; and Egypt, dynastic, 4, 15-16, 18, 19; and Medes, 23. 30; and Persia, 4, 23; and Syria, 15, 21
Attila, 166, 167
Augustus see Octavian-Augustus
319
Avars, 158, 171; and Byzantine Empire, 129, 153, 158, 170, 182; Illyricum, 129, 181, 192; and Slavs, 129, 153, 158, 161, 181, 182; and Tu-chüeh, 158, 170, 171
Aybak, 225
Ayyubids, 208, 225-26
Aziru, 11
Al-Aziz, 143, 221
Azuri, 21
Babylonia, 3, 15-20 passim, 49; and Assyria. 18, 22; and Egypt, dynastic, 4, 16; and Persia, 23, 24
Baiju, 287
al-Bakri: The Book of Roads and Kingdoms, 256
Balbinus, 106
Baldwin II, 288
al-Balkhi, 256
Bardas, 248
Bartholomew of Cremona, 288
al-Basasir, 223
Basil, St., 123, 125
Basil I, 140, 147-48, 153, 178, 180, 182
Basil II (Byz. Emp.), 143, 208
Basil II (Russian ruler), 302
Basil III, 302, 305-07
Batu, 281, 285-89 passim
Bayan. 284
Baybars, 226, 227, 228, 230. 231, 246, 284
Bâzu, 18
Bedouins, 8, 12, 18; and Islam, 190, 191, 193, 194, 197, 219
Bela II, 281
Belisarius, 157
Berbers, 201, 226
Berengar, 139, 175
Berta, 182, 183
Bible: Acts of the Apostles. 98, 106, 107; Gospel of St. Luke. 93; Gospel of St. Mark, 102-03; Gospel of St. Matthew, 97
Bithynia, 74
Blasius of Amorium, St., 150
Blasius the Younger, St., 152
Bred erode, 312
Britain: and Roman Empire, 81-82, 83; and Roman Empire — as province, 111, 114, 117
Brutus, 90, 92
Bulgars/Bulgaria, 173, 178, 281; and Arab Muslims, 147, 196, 256; and Byzantine Empire, 129, 142, 143, 147, 162, 165, 177, 196, 244
Buwayhids, 220, 223, 225, 227
Byzantine Empire, 23, 109-10, 121-25, 128-34, 136-40, 142-43, 146-54, 157-62, 165-84, 192-93, 199, 214. 223, 226, 247; and Arab Muslims, 129, 133-34, 136, 140, 142, 143, 146-47, 148, 153. 154, 162, 175, 180, 191-92, 193, 195-96, 197, 199, 200, 201, 207-08, 235-36, 239-54, 256, 258; and Armenia, 128, 167, 183, 223; army, 140, 142, 149-52, 154, 161, 162, 194; army — agentes in rebus, 109-10, 129-32, 137, 140, 149; and Avars, 129, 153, 158, 170, 182; and Bulgaria, 129, 142, 143, 147, 162, 165, 177, 196, 244; and Franks, 129, 139, 159-60, 162, 183; and Gauls, 157, 159; and Goths, 153, 172; and Magyars, 177-78: maritime activities, 146, 153-54, 157-58, 162, 177, 192, 195; and Persia (incl. Sassanids), 128, 129, 140, 146, 153, 158, 167-68, 169. 170, 192, 197; and Rhôs, 172, 173, 176, 177, 179-80; and Slavs, 129. 153, 158-59, 160-61, 180, 181, 182; and Spain, 157, 159; and Tu-chüeh, 169-71; and Turkic tribes, 129, 158, 165, 172; see also Orthodox Church
Caesar, Julius, 42, 80-89 passim, 92, 93, 94, 102, 111; The Civil Wars, 83, 86, 87; The Gallic War, 81, 82, 83, 84, 101; and Pompey, 83, 85-87
320
Caligula, 94
Cainbyses, 24
camels, use of: for postal system and transport, 38, 44, 46, 208, 214, 215, 227, 234-35, 293; for warfare, 21, 162, 193
Canidius, 91
Caracalla, 97, 106
Caramalus, 133
Carpini, Giovanni de Piano, 286, 287, 289, 290, 300
carrier pigeons see pigeons, carrier, use of
Carthage/Carthaginians, 54, 56-66, 75; and Arab Muslims, 191, 213; and Byzantine Empire, 159;
Corsica and Sardinia, 51, 54; and Gauls, 59, 60, 61; and Macedonia, 62-63; maritime activities, 51, 54, 80; and Roman Empire. 51, 52, 53-54, 57, 58-59, 65-66, 75, 80; and Roman Empire — Punic Wars, 52, 54, 57-67 passim, 72, 75; and Sicily, 51, 56, 75; and Spain, 54, 57-58, 59, 60, 62, 66-67
Cassius Dio: Roman History, 90, 91, 103, 106, 118
Cato the Elder, 68-69, 70, 76
Cecaumenos: Strategicon, 165
Celts see Britain; Galatia; Gaul
Ceylon, 113-14, 168
Charlemagne. 206
Charles V, 306
Charles Martel, 201
Cherson, 129, 157, 169, 171-72, 177
Chin see Kin (Chin)
China, 277-81; and Arab Muslims, 256; army, 265-66, 274; Chou, 277; Han, 278: maritime activities, 277, 278, 279, 295; Ming, 298; Mongols, 265-66, 272, 274, 275, 281, 284, 285, 290-91, 293-98;routes to and trade with, 114, 168, 169, 170, 212, 218, 274-75, 279; Sung, 280, 281, 284; T'ang, 278, 280; Tatars-Kin (Chin), 265, 266, 280, 281, 285; Yüan, 284 Chosroes I, 46, 146, 167, 168 Christianity: Copts, 192; First
Ecumenical Council (Nicaea), 123; and Islam, 168, 169, 190-91, 192, 221, 236, 250-52; and Islam — Crusaders, 208, 222-28 passim, 231, 233, 262, 264, 269, 287; Jacobites, 207; Maronites, 196; and Mongols, 262, 264, 266, 269, 272, 274, 286-90; Monophysites, 192; Nestorians, 192, 266; Orthodox Church, 122, 123, 125, 133, 162, 168, 169, 172, 173, 176, 180, 181, 182, 250-52; Roman persecution, 106-07; Slavs, 180, 181, 182
Cicero: “Appointment of Gnaeus Pompeius, ” 77-78, 79-80; Letters to Atticus, 79; Letters to his Friends, 72, 73, 78-79, 80; De Officiis, 101; Verrine Orations, 76
Cilicia: and Byzantine Empire, 142. 154, 162; maritime activities, 76, 80; and Roman Empire — as province, 72, 76, 78-79, 80
Cimmerians, 22
Claudius, 94
Cleopatra, 89, 91
commercial intelligence: Abbasids, 217, 242, 256, 258; Assyria, 2122; Babylonia, 16; Byzantine Empire, 146. 157-58, 165, 172, 174, 177, 179, 180, 182; Carthage, 54, 56, 75; Egypt, dynastic, 6; Gaul, 83; Mongols, 269, 274-75, 280-81; Muscovy, 313; Parthia, 45; Phoenicia, 6-7; Roman Empire, 74-75, 78. 79, 81, 82, 101-02, 114
Commodus, 103
Constans, 117
Constans II, 195, 247
321
Constantine I the Great, 109-110, 122, 123, 129, 130, 149
Constantine IV, 195
Constantine V, 147, 236, 247
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, 136, 147, 148, 162, 241, 244, 249-50, 251; De administrando imperio (On the Administration of the Empire), 129, 176-84 passim: Book on Embassies, 176: De ceremoniis (Book of Ceremonies), 154, 157, 175, 176, 242; “On Nations, ” 183, 184
Constantine IX Monomach, 244
Constantine-Cyril, St., 172-73, 251, 252
Constantins, 130, 131
Constantius II, 123, 168-69
Contarini, A., 308, 311
Copts, 192
Corbulo, 113
Cornelius Nepos, 58
Corsica, 51, 54
Cos, 153
Crete, 7, 154. 195
Crispinus, 64
Croats, 180-82; see also Slavs
Croesus, 23-24
Crusaders, 208, 222-28 passim, 231, 233, 262, 264, 269, 287
Cumans, 272, 281, 286; see also Kipchak
Cyprian, St., 107
Cyprus, 4, 7, 24, 249; and Arab Muslims, 153, 191, 249
Cyrus, 23-24, 26-27, 31, 34
Dalmatia, 180, 181, 182
Damian of Tarsus, 249
Darius I, 24, 33
David of Sinope, 146, 147
Deiotarus, 79
Demetrianos, St., 249-50
Demokleitos, 43
Demosthenes, 34
Darbend, 212
“Description of the World, ” 45
Digenes Akritas, 142
Diocletian, 97, 101, 109, 129, 168
Diodorus Siculus: Library of History, 43-44
Dionysius, 107
Dionysius of Halicarnassus: The Roman Antiquities, 75
diplomatic intelligence: Arab
Muslims, 228, 246; Babylonia, 16; Byzantine Empire, 146, 147, 157-58, 165-84; Egypt, dynastic, 4, 11, 12, 16; Macedonia, 62-63; Muscovy, 310-11, 312; Roman Empire, 59, 60, 65-71 passim, 74, 78, 80, 81, 92, 110, 113
al-Dir, 256
divine kingship, 88, 109; Assyria, 20; Babylonia, 16; Byzantine Empire, 122, 123; Egypt, dynastic, 11, 15, 16; Egypt, Ptolemaic, 35; Macedonia, 35; Seleucids, 35
Ducas, Andronicus, 133, 134, 136, 148
Ducas, Basil Pantherios, 142
Ducas, Constantine, 148, 149
economic intelligence see commercial intelligence
Egypt (Arab Muslims), 191, 193, 199, 208, 218, 262, 279; Ayyubids, 208, 225, 226; Copts, 192; Fatimids, 143, 214, 219, 220-23, 231; Ikhshidids, 220, 223; Tulunids, 213, 218, 219; see also Mamluks
Egypt (Roman province), 74, 80, 87, 89, 90-91, 93, 137-38
Egypt, dynastic, 3, 4, 6-12, 14-15, 16, 40, 49, 54; and Assyria, 4, 15-16, 18, 19; and Babylonia, 4, 16; and Cyprus, 4, 7; and Greece, 34; and Hittites, 11, 12, 14, 16; and Libya, 4, 14; and Nubia, 4, 7, 9, 10; and Palestine, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14; and Persia, 23, 24; and Syria, 4, 6, 7-8, 11, 12, 14, 16
322
Egypt, Ptolemaic, 35, 38-40, 43, 80, 80, 93, 94; and Greece, 35, 40; maritime activities, 80; and Seleucids, 39, 40; and Syria, 39, 40
Elamites, 22
elephants, use of: for warfare, 39-40
Eljigidäi, 287, 288
England: and Muscovy, 308, 310; see also Britain
Eratosthenes, Ill
Esarhaddon, 16, 18, 21, 22
Etheria, 123
Ethiopia, 4, 19, 168-69
Etruscans, 49-50, 51
Eusebius: Ecclesiastical History, 107
Eustace (admiral), 133-136 passim
Euthymius, 137, 153 “eyes and ears of the king” see secret police/secret agents
Ezana, 168-69
Fabius, 64
Fatimids, 143, 214, 219, 220-23, 231
Feodor, 300
fire: Greek fire, 147, 154, 195-96; protection against, 93-94, 106, 139; signals see signals, use of fire and smoke
Fletcher, Giles, 313
Fragments of a Gothic Toparch, 173
France: Crusades, 208, 287; and Mongols, 287-88, 289
Franks, 173, 181; and Arab Muslims, 201, 206, 208, 227; and Byzantine Empire, 129, 139, 159-60, 162, 183; see also Crusaders
Frederick II, 286
Fulvius, 64
Gaius, 45
Galatia, 79
Gallic War, 81, 82, 83, 84, 101
Gallienus, 106
Gaul/Gallic tribes, 79, 83-84; and Carthaginians, 59, 60, 61; and Etruscans, 49, 51; and Roman Empire, 50, 51-52, 59-60; and Roman Empire — Gallic War, 81, 82, 83, 84, 101: and Roman Empire—as province, 74, 76, 81, 82, 85, 157, 159; see also Franks
geographic and military intelligence: Arab Muslims, 209, 225, 227, 228, 230, 231, 233, 236, 245-46, 254, 256, 258, 262; Assyria, 18-19, 21, 22, 23, 41; Byzantine Empire, 140, 142, 146, 149-54 passim, 157-62, 165, 166, 170, 179, 182; Carthaginians, 56-64 passim; Egypt, dynastic, 9, 10, 12, 14, 61; Egypt, Ptolemaic, 39; Greece, 40-41, 42-43, 54, 72, 73, 111, 114; Hittites, 12, 14; Macedonia, 41, 42-43, 111; Mongols, 275; Muscovy, 310; Persia, 27, 29-30, 31, 33, 41, 42, 61, 67; Pontus, 77; Roman Empire, 42, 45, 50, 53-54, 58-68 passim, 71, 76, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 89-90, 91, 93, 101, 102, 108, 110, 111, 113-14, 117-18, 149
George Monachus, 136
George Monachus, Continuator of, 133
Georgia, 183, 272; Iberia, 172
Germany/Germanic tribes, 114, 117, 166, 281, 286; and Roman Empire, 81, 84, 111, 118; Teutons, 76; Vandals, 128, 153; see also Franks; Goths; Lombards
Golden Horde (Western Kipchak), 281, 285, 286, 300, 301, 312; see also Batu
Goths, 167, 172, 173; and Byzantine Empire, 153, 172; Ostrogoths, 128, 166; Visigoths, 201
323
Greece, 23, 33-35, 40-41, 42-43, 74, 109, 111, 207; army, 41; and Assyria, 17: and Egypt, dynastic, 4, 34; and Egypt, Ptolemaic, 35, 40; and Macedonia, 34, 35, 40; and Persia, 24, 29-34 passim, 41, 42; and Roman Empire, 40, 51, 52, 60-61, 64; and Roman Empire — Hellenistic influence, 88, 89, 93, 108, 109; and Roman Empire — as province, 74, 83, 85, 86-87, 91, 114
Greek colonies: Massilia (Marseilles), 58, 60-61, 64; Sicily, 40, 49, 51; Tarentum, 51
Greek fire, 147, 154, 195, 196
Gregory XIII, 304, 311
Gudea, 16
Gü'yü'k, 286, 290, 300
Hadrian, 94, 97, 103
Haijaj, 199
Al-Hakim, 221
Hamdan Quarmat, 218
Hamilcar Barcas, 57
Hammurapi, 16, 17
Hannibal, 52, 57-66 passim, 72
Harun Al-Rashid, 206, 207, 208, 217, 227, 241, 252
Harun-Ibn-Yahya, 245
Hasdrubal (brother-in-law of Hannibal), 57, 58
Hasdrubal (brother of Hannibal), 62
Hassan, 201
Helvetii, 81
Henry 111, 264
Heraclius, 153, 181, 182, 192
Herberstein, Sigismund: Rerum Muscovitarum Commenterii, 304, 306-07, 308, 311, 313
Herod Agrippa, 110
Herod Antipas, 102, 103
Herodotus: History, 17, 28-29, 30, 31, 33, 54
Himerius, 134
Himyarites, 168, 169
Hisham, 201
Historia Augusta, 97, 103, 106
Hitler, Adolf, 108
Hittites, 3, 11, 12, 15, 17, 23, 29, 34; and Egypt, dynastic, 11, 12, 14, 16; and Syria, 11, 12
Holy Roman Empire: and Muscovy, 305, 306
Horatius Codes, 50
horses, use of, 252-53; for postal system and transport, 28, 30, 35, 38, 39, 41, 45, 61, 62, 67, 69-70, 86, 87, 92, 100, 101, 124, 128, 130-31, 199, 200, 214, 215, 228, 230, 231, 233, 235, 276, 278, 280, 286, 288, 289, 290-91, 293, 296, 297, 301, 305, 306, 307, 308; for warfare, 81, 87, 158-62 passim, 230, 276, 280
Horsey, Sir Jerome, 308
Hsi-Hsia see Tanguts (Hsi-Hsia)
Huang-ti, 277
Hulägu, 226, 281, 284
Hungary, 167, 281; see also Avars;
Huns; Magyars
Huns, 158, 166-67, 170
Hyksos, 4
Iberia (Georgia), 172
Ibn Batuta, 230, 294-95
Ibn Fadlan, 256
Ibn Hani, 223
Ibn Haukal, 223, 256
Ibn Ja’qub, 256
Ibn Khordadhbeh: The Book on Roads and Provinces, 209, 212, 213, 214, 254
Ibn Muqlah, 218
Ibn Rosteh (Rosta): Book of Precious Things, 346
Ibn Wahab, 279-80
Ibn Yakut: Geographical Dictionary, 256
al-Idrisi, 256; The Pleasure of the Ardent Inquirer (The Book of Roger), 256
324
Igor, 179-80
Ikhnaton (Akhenaten, Amenhotep IV), 11-12
Ikhshiclids, 220, 223
Illyria, 52
JIlyricum, 129, 180, 181, 192
Imati al-din-Idris, 251
India, 39, 40, 193, 201; routes to and trade with, 45, 114, 168, 235, 279
Indus valley, 24, 34, 201
Innocent IV, 286, 287
intelligence see commercial intelligence; diplomatic intelligence; geographic and military intelligence; messengers; post; relays and relay stations; secret police/ secret agents; signals, use of
Iraq (Arab Muslims), 191, 192, 193, 199-200, 202, 203, 206-08, 212, 214, 223; see also Abbasids; Omayyads
Irene (Byz, empress), 207, 236
Isaac II Angelos, 244
Isidore of Charax: The Parthian Stations, 45
Isin, 16
Islam, 190-91, 193, 194, 196, 197, 201, 203, 206, 207, 242-43, 24445; Bedouin conversions, 190, 193, 194, 197, 219; and Christianity, 168, 169, 190-91, 221, 236, 250-52; and Christianity — Crusaders, 208, 222-28 passim, 231, 233, 262, 264, 269, 287; Ismailis, 220, 222; Kharijites, 194; pilgrimages, 191, 209, 212-13; Quarmatians, 218, 220, 222; Shi’ites, 194, 200, 202, 203; Sunnites, 208, 223; see also Arab Muslims; Khwarizm: Ottoman Empire; Seljuks
Ismail, Ismailis, 220, 222
Israel, 8, 15
al-Istakhri: Book of Roads and Provinces, 256
Italy/Italic tribes, 182-83, 221, 222, 244, 245; Etruscans, 49-50, 51; see also Roman Empire
Ivan III (Ivan the Great), 302, 304, 305-06, 308, 312, 314
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), 302, 304, 308, 310, 311, 313
Jacobites, 207
Jagatai, 274, 281
Jaroslav I, 300
Jawhar, 220-21, 222
Jebe, 266, 269, 272, 275, 277
Jelaleddin, 272
Jenghiz Khan (Temujin), 264-65, 266, 269, 272, 274, 275, 276, 277, 280-81, 286
Jerome, St., 125
Jerusalem, 191, 199, 201, 208, 222, 287
Jews/Judaism: and Fatimids, 221, 222; and Islam, 190-91; Khazars, 173, 176
Jochi, 272
Johannes, 195
John of Damascus, St,, 200
John the Grammarian, 240, 248
Jordanes: Getica, 167
Julian the Apostate, 123, 130
Justin, 57
Justin II, 170
Justinian, 124, 125, 128, 139, 146, 152, 153, 157, 158, 159, 167, 169, 172, 175, 193; Corpus Juris civilis, 97, 100, 137
Justinian II, 196
Kabaroi (Kabars), 178
Kang-li, 286
Kara-Khitai, 266, 269, 286
Karnak: reliefs, 12, 14
Kashmir, 24 al-Katib, 252
Kazan, 305, 308
Kharijites, 194
Khazars, 172, 173
325
Khitans, 265
Khorasan, 193, 199, 202, 212
Khwarizm, 266, 272; and Mongols, 266, 269, 272, 274, 275, 276
Kiev (Rhôs), 281, 301, 302, 314; and Byzantine Empire, 172, 173, 176, 177, 179-80; and Slavs, 172, 179, 180
Kin (Chin), 265, 266, 280, 281, 285
Kipchak, 277; see also Cumans; Golden Horde (Western Kipchak)
Kiyats, 264
Kleoxenos, 43
Korea, 281
Kublai, 284, 285, 290, 291, 296
Küchlüg, 266
Kudama Ibn Ja’far (Kodama): Kitab al-Kharadj (On Taxes), 209, 212, 214-15, 216
Kulešin, Vasilij, 305
Kuyuk, 281
Laelius, 57
Lao Tsui, 277
Larsa, 16
Lawrence of Portugal, 286, 287
Lebanon, 196
Leo I, 130
Leo 111 the Isaurian, 196
Leo V, 236, 240
Leo VI the Wise, 132, 133, 134, 136, 139-40, 148, 152, 153, 244, 250; Book of the Prefect, 139; Tactica, 157, 161-62
Leo Choerosphactes, 250-51
Leo of Tripoli, 248
Leo the Mathematician, 142-43
Lesgians, 289
Libya, 4, 14, 75
Life of St. Demetrianos, 249-50
Life of St. Theodore, 124
Lithuania: and Muscovy, 305, 310, 312
Liutprand of Cremona, 129, 175-76, 183; Antapodosis, 139
Livonia, 310
Livy: History, 50, 53, 57-62 passim, 64, 65, 67-71 passim, 75, 87, 101
Lombards, 129, 159
Lombardy, 182-83
Louis, St., 208, 287, 288
Luke, St., 93
Luke the Junior, the Thaumaturge, 153
Lusitanians, 76
Lydia, 17, 23-24
Lysek, A., 311
Macedonia, 34, 35, 40, 41, 42, 62-63, 68, 74, 87, 93; and Greece, 34, 35, 40; and Roman Empire, 52, 66, 67-68, 71, 74; and Roman Empire — as province, 67, 74, 87; and Seleucids, 40, 67
Macrinus, 103, 106
Maghrib see Africa, Arab Muslims
Magyars (Turcs), 161, 173, 177-78, 281
Al-Mahdi, 206, 207, 213, 227, 241, 247, 248
al-Makdisi, 256
aLMakrizi, 228, 230, 243, 244-45, 265
Al-Malik-Al-Nasir-Muhammad, 233, 234, 235
Makik Shah, 224
Mamluks, 225-28, 230-31, 233-35, 296; Burdji, 235; and Crusaders, 226, 227, 228, 231, 233; and Mongols, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 235, 284
Al-Mamun, 206-07, 216, 236, 240, 248, 256
Manchuria, 265 Al-Mansur, 203, 217, 247
Manuel (stratege), 239-40
Marcellus, 64
Marcus Aurelius, 114, 117
Mardaites, 195, 196
Mardonius, 31
436
maritime activities: Arab Muslims, 133, 146, 147, 153, 154, 191-92, 195, 196, 221, 222, 226; Byzantine Empire, 146, 153-54, 157-58, 162, 177, 192, 195; Carthage, 51, 54, 80; China, 277, 278, 279, 295; Cilicia, 76, 80: Egypt, Ptolemaic, 80; Illyria, 52; messengers using water transport, 29, 63, 76-77, 80, 97-98, 128, 129, 208, 278, 306; Persia, 168; Roman Empire, 52, 58, 60-61, 63, 80, 89-90, 91, 98, 153; Seleucids, 80; water telegraphic signals, 42-43, 56; see also trade
Mark, St., 102-03
Märkits, 264
Maronites, 196
Marrakesh i, 219
Marwan II, 202
Masinissa, 66, 71
Maslama ibn Abdal-malik, 243, 244
Massilia (Marseilles; Greek col,), 58, 60-61, 64
al-Mas’udi: Book of Indications and Revision, 241, 254; Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems, 214, 241-42, 246-47, 254, 256
Matthew, St., 97
Maurice: Strategicon, 158-61, 162
Maximilian, 305, 306
Maximinus, 106
Medes, 23, 30
Mela, Pomponius, 114
Melania the Younger, St., 123, 125
Menander Protector, 167, 168, 170
Merneptah, 7-8, 14
Mesopotamia, 7, 24, 34, 223-24, 235; Omayyads, 193, 195, 197: see also Assyria; Babylonia
Messala, 125
messengers: Arab Muslims, 208, 212, 214, 215, 225, 227, 228, 230, 233; Assyria, 17-19, 20, 23, 30; Babylonia, 17, 18; Byzantine Empire, 124, 125, 128, 130-31, 140, 157; camels, use of, 38, 44, 46, 208, 214, 215, 227, 234-35, 293; Carthaginians, 57, 58-59, 62, 64-65; China, 277, 278, 280 (see also Mongols below); Egypt, dynastic, 6, 7-8, 8-9; Egypt, Ptolemaic, 35, 38, 39; on foot (runners), 38, 39, 45-46, 72, 73, 100, 208, 225, 227, 280, 291, 293-94; horses, use of, 28, 30, 35, 38, 39, 41, 45, 61, 62, 67, 69-70, 86, 87, 100, 101, 124, 128, 130-31, 199, 200,214, 215, 228, 230, 231, 233, 235, 276, 278, 280, 286,288, 290-91, 293, 296, 297, 301, 305, 306, 307, 308; Macedonia, 68; Mongols, 276, 285, 286, 289, 291, 293-94, 296-97, 301; mules, donkeys, and asses, use of, 70, 94, 100, 101, 124, 128, 143, 214, 215, 226, 279-80; Muscovy, 305, 306, 307; Persia, 18, 26-33 passim, 38, 39, 45, 57, 97; pigeons, carrier, 208, 218-19, 225, 231, 233; Roman Empire, 64, 67-68, 69, 70, 72-74, 86, 87, 90, 91-92, 97, 98, 100, 102, 110, 215; Sassanians, 45; Seleucids, 44; vehicles, use of, 91-92, 94, 100-01, 124, 128, 215, 288, 301, 305, 306; by water, 29, 63, 76-77, 80, 97-98, 128, 129, 208, 278, 306; see also post; relays and relay stations
Methodius, St., 172, 178
Meyerberg, A, von, 311
Mez, A., 219
Michael, 182
Michael II, 236, 240
Michael III (Theodore), 143, 153, 172, 241, 248, 249, 252
Michael VIII Paleologus, 142, 244-45
Michael of Chernigov, 300
military intelligence see geographic and military intelligence
Miroslav, 181
327
Mithridates VI, 75-80 passim
Mithridntic Wars, 75-79 passim
Moldavia, 281
Mongka, 281, 284, 285, 288-89, 290
Mongols, 215, 262, 264-66, 269, 272, 274-77, 280-81, 284-91, 293-98; and Alans, 272, 289; and Arab Muslims — Abbasids, 266, 281, 284; and Arab Muslims — Mamluks, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 235, 284; army, 264, 265-272, 274; and China, 265-66,272, 274, 275, 281, 284, 285, 290-91, 29398; and Christianity, 262, 264, 266, 269, 272, 286-90 passim: and France, 287-88, 289; Golden Horde (Western Kipchak), 281, 285-89 passim, 300, 301, 312; and Khwarizm, 266, 269, 272, 274, 275, 276; Kiyats, 264; and Mamluks, 226, 227,228,230, 231, 235, 284; Märkits, 264; Naimans, 264, 286; and Persia, 272, 281: and Russia, 272, 275, 277, 281, 286, 300-31, 302, 305, 308, 312, 314 (see also Golden Horde above); and Syria, 226, 230, 231; and Tanguts, 265, 274; Tatars, 264, 265, 266, 280, 281, 285; see also Avars; Huns
Monophysites, 192
Moravia, Great, 178-79
Muawiya, 153, 191, 195, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 226, 227, 241-42
Al-Mu’ayyad Shaykh, 235
Muhammad, 190-91, 193, 194, 202, 203
Muhammad (Indian ruler), 294
Muhammad II, 266, 269, 272, 274, 276
Al-Muizz, 220, 251-52
Mu’izz al-Dawla, 220
al-Mukaddasi (Mokaddasi): The Best Classification of Lands for the Knowledge of the Provinces, 209, 218, 243
mules, donkeys, and asses, use of: for postal system and transport, 70, 94, 100, 101, 124, 128, 143, 214, 215, 226, 279-80
Al-Muqtadir, 220, 243, 249, 252, 256
Al-Muqtafi, 248
Musa, 201
Muscovy, 302, 304-08, 310-14; army, 302, 304, 311 ; and England, 308, 310; and Holy Roman Empire, 305, 306; and Lithuania, 305, 310, 312; and Poland, 305, 307, 312
Muslims see Arab Muslims; Islam; Khwarizm; Ottoman Empire; Seljuks
Al-Mustansir, 221
Mustasim, 281, 284
Al-Mu’tadid, 248-49
Al-Mu’tamid, 241
Al-Mu'tasim, 207
Al-Mutawakkil, 216, 241, 248, 251, 252
Mu’tazilitist school, 206-07
Al-Muti, 241
Al-Muttaqi, 219
Naimans, 264, 286
Naram-Sin, 16
Narses, 168
Nasir, 266
Nasr-ibn-al Azhar, 249
navies see maritime activities
Nerva, 94
Nestorians, 192, 266
Nicaea, 123
Nicephorus I, 207, 241
Nicephorus II Phocas, 129, 162
Nicephorus: History, 146
Nicetas Choniates, 242-43, 244
Nicetas David, 153
Nicholas Mysticus, 133, 136, 244, 248, 249-50
Nicolas of Damascus, 30
Nizam al-Mulk, 224-25, 227
328
Normans, 256
Novgorod, 302, 305
Nubia: and Egypt, dynastic, 4, 7, 9, 10; and Mamluks, 226
al-Nu’man, 251
Obaydullah Al-Mahdi, 220
Octavian-Augustus, 45, 88-94 passim, 102, 108, 111, 113
Odoric, 293-94
Oghul Qaimish, 288
Oghuz, 223
Ogödäi (Ogotai), 274, 281, 284-85
Old Slavonic Life of St. Constantine-Cyril, 172-73, 251
Old Slavonic Life of St. Methodius, 178
Olearius, G., 311
Olga (Russian princess), 176
Omar, 191, 193-94, 195, 246, 247
Omar II, 199
al-Omari: al-Tarif, 226-27, 230-31
Omayyads, 191, 193-97 passim, 199-203, 226-27; in Spain, 20203, 223
“On the World, ” 32
Orthodox Church, 122, 123, 125, 133, 146, 250-52; conversions, 162, 168, 169, 172, 173, 176, 180, 181, 182
Ostrogoths, 128, 166
Othman, 191, 194
Otto I (Otto the Great), 129, 139, 181, 256
Ottoman Empire, 235
oxen, use of, 101, 124, 277, 288
Palestine, 11, 24, 80, 123; Arab Muslims, 191, 221, 222, 225-26; and Egypt, dynastic, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14; Israel, 8, 15; see also Crusaders
Pannonia, 181
Papyrus
Petrie, 39
Parthia, 44-45, 79, 110
Paul, St., 98, 106
Paulus, Julius, 97
Pechenegues, 129, 165, 173, 177, 179
Periplus Maris Erythraei, 114
Perseus (son of Philip III), 42
Perseus (son of Philip V), 52, 71, 74, 87
Persia, 3, 23-24, 26-34 passim, 38-46 passim, 49, 57, 66, 92, 93, 97, 168, 199, 226, 227; Achaemenids, 23-24, 26-34 passim, 45; Arab Muslims, 191, 193, 200, 202, 203, 206, 209, 214, 220 (see also Abbasids; Iraq; Omayyads); and Armenia, 24, 128, 167; army, 194; and Assyria, 4, 23; and Babylonia, 23, 24; and Byzantine Empire, 128, 129, 140, 146,153, 158, 16768, 169, 170, 192, 197; and Egypt, dynastic, 23, 24; and Greece, 24, 29-34 passim, 41, 42; and Khwarizm, 266, 272; and Lydia, 23-24; maritime activities, 168; and Mongols, 272, 281; Nestorianism, 192; and Ottoman Empire, 235; and Syria, 24, 167; see also Sassanians; Seleucids
Petronas, 249
Petrus Patricius, 168
Peutinger Table, 113
Philadelphus, 35, 39
Philip II of Macedonia, 34
Philip III of Macedonia, 42
Philip V of Macedonia, 52, 62, 66, 67, 74, 87
Philostorgius, 168
Phoenicia, 6-7, 11, 15, 57; see also Garthage/Carthaginians
Photius, 178, 248, 249, 252
Piano Carpini, Giovanni de see Carpini, Giovanni de Piano
pigeons, carrier, use of, 208, 218-19, 225, 231, 233
Plato, 109, 207
Pliny the Elder, 114; Natural History, 45, 58, 111, 113-14
329
Pliny the Younger: Letters, 98, 110
Plutarch: Livres — Anthony, 91; Lives— Brutus, 90; Lives — Caesar, 81-82, 84, 85; Lives — Cato the Elder, 69; Lives — Fabius Maximus, 57; Lives — Otho, 73; Lives — Sertorius, 76; Sayings of Kings, 179
Poland, 281; and Muscovy, 305, 307, 312
police: Arab Muslims, 217-18, 234, 239; Byzantine Empire, 131, 13738, 139-40, 140, 152, 153, 157; Egypt, Ptolemaic, 38; Mongols, 295; Persia, 27; Roman Empire, 94, 106, 108, 129
police, secret see secret police/secret agents
Polo, Marco, 290-91, 293
Polyaenus, 56
Polybius: Histories, 42-43, 57, 61, 63, 64, 66-67, 75
Pompeius, Sextus, 90
Pompey (Cnaeus
Pompeius), 7781 passim; and Caesar, 83, 85-87
Pontus, 78; Roman Empire and Mithridatic Wars, 75-80 passim
Possevino, Antonio: De rebus Moscoviticis Commentarius, 304, 311
post: Achaemenids, 45; Arab Muslims, 46, 199-200, 208-09, 21216 passim, 218-22 passim, 22428 passim, 230-31, 233-35, 280; Assyria, 17-18, 20; Byzantine Empire, 122-25, 128-29, 130-31, 140, 143, 146, 148, 168, 174, 175, 192-93, 199, 214, 226, 247; Carthaginians, 65; China, 277, 278-79, 279-80 (see also Mongols beloiv); Egypt, Ptolemaic, 35, 38-39, 89, 94; Macedonia, 87; Mamluks, 296; Mongols, 276, 277, 280-81, 284-85, 286, 288, 289, 290-91, 293-98 passim, 301, 314; Ostrogoths, 128; Parthia, 45; Persia, 26-31 passim, 33, 44, 45, 46, 93, 168, 199, 226, 227: Roman Empire, 67, 72-73, 74, 78, 80, 84, 87, 92, 94, 97-98, 100-01, 107, 108, 110, 111, 128,199, 214, 218, 226, 227; Russia (Kiev and Muscovy), 301, 304-08 passim, 310, 313, 314; Sassanians, 45; Seleucids, 44; Vandals, 128; see also messengers; relays and relay stations
Postumius, 70
Prester John, 262
Priscus
Panites, 166-67
Procopius: De aedificiis, 157, 172; Anecdota, 128, 143, 146; Bellum Gothicum, 169; Bellum
Persicum, 168, 169
Pskov, 302, 305
Ptolemy, 114, 256
Punic Wars, 51, 52, 54, 57-67 passim, 72, 75
Pyrrhus, 51
Qaidu, 284
Al-Qa’im, 223
Qatuz, 226
al-Quadi Muki al-din: Sirat, 226
Quarmatians, 218, 220, 222
Radiums, John, 252
Ramesses II, 4, 12, 16
Rashid al-Din, 265, 285
Raška, 182
Ravenna, 159
relays and relay stations: Arab Muslims, 199, 200, 212, 213, 214, 215, 225, 228, 230, 231, 233, 234-35; Assyria, 19; Byzantine Empire, 124, 128, 131, 140, 199; Carthaginians, 57, 64, 65; China, 277, 278 (see also Mongols below); Egypt, dynastic, 9; Egypt, Ptolemaic, 38: Mongols, 276, 277, 285, 286, 289, 290, 293-97 passim; Muscovy, 305, 306, 307, 308, 310, 313; Parthia, 45;
330
relays and relay stations (cont.) Persia, 26, 28, 29, 30, 46, 57; Pontus, 77; Roman Empire, 64, 67, 86, 87, 91, 92, 93, 100, 107, 111, 215; see also messengers; signals, use of religion: Assyria, 3; Babylonia, 3, 19; Copts, 192; Egypt, dynastic, 3, 11, 15; Hittites, 3; Maronites, 196; Monophysites, 192; Nestorians, 192, 266; Persia, 3, 33, 203; Russia, 302, 304; Shamanism, 264; see also Christianity; divine kingship: Islam: Orthodox Church
Rhodes, 153, 195
Rhos see Kiev (Rhds)
Rib-Addi, 11
roads: Arab Muslims, 199, 209, 212, 213-14, 215, 225, 228, 230-31, 234; Assyria, 16-17, 18, 19, 23, 29, 34, 44, 45; Babylonia, 17; Byzantine Empire, 128-29, 131, 143, 172, 199; China, 277, 278 (see also Mongols below); Egypt, dynastic, 18, 19; Hittites, 17, 29, 34; Macedonia, 68, 74; Mongols, 276, 285, 288, 289, 290; Muscovy, 305, 308, 310: Parthia, 44, 45; Persia, 24, 26, 28-29, 31, 34, 44, 45; Roman Empire, 17, 73, 87, 92, 94, 107, 111, 199, 215; Seleucids, 44; see also relays and relay stations
Roger II, 256
Roman Empire, 17, 23, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48-54, 56-94, 97-98, 100-03, 106-11, 113-14, 117-18, 191, 199, 214, 215, 218, 226, 227; Africa, Roman, 66, 71, 110, III, 128, and Armenia, 45, 80, III, 113; army, 117-18, 122; Bithynia, 74; and Britain, 81-82, 83; and Britain — as province, 111, 114, 117; and Carthage/Carthaginians, 51, 52, 53-54, 57, 58-59, 65-66, 75, 80; and Carthage/Carthaginians—Punic Wars, 51, 52, 54, 57-67 passim, 72, 75; Cilicia, 72, 76, 78-79, 80; civil wars, 74-88; and Egypt — as province, 74, 80, 87, 89, 90-91, 93, 137-38; and Ethiopia, 168-69: and Etruscans, 49-50, 51; frumentam, 129; and Gaul, 50, 51-52, 59-60, 74, 76, 81, 82, 85, 157, 159; and Gaul — Gallic War, 81, 82, 83, 84,101; and Germanic tribes, 81, 84, 111, 118; and Greece/Greek colonies, 40, 51, 52, 58, 60-61, 64; and Greece/ Greek colonies — Hellenistic influence, 88, 89, 93, 108, 109; and Greece/Greek colonies — as province, 74, 83, 85, 86-87, 91, 114; imperial period, 71, 88-94, 9798, 100-03, 106-11, 113-14, 117-18; and Macedonia, 52, 66, 67-68, 71, 74; and Macedonia — as province, 67, 74, 87; maritime activities, 52, 58, 60-61, 63, 80, 89-90, 91, 98, 153; and Parthians, 45, 79, 110; Pontus and Mithridatic Wars, 75-80 passim; Republican period, 49-54, 56-74, 92, 109; and Sardinia, 51, 69, 70: and Sassanians, 167, 168; and Seleucids, 52, 65, 67-68, 74; and Sicily, 40, 51; and Spain, 58, 59, 66-67, 74, 83, 85; and Syria, 52, 65-66; and Syria — as province, 74, 79, 80; see also Byzantine Empire
Romanus II, 177
Rubruck, William of, 288, 289
Rukh, Shah, 294
Rüm (Byzantium), 236
Rum (Seljuk sultanate), 223
Russia: Huns, 158, 166-67, 170; Kiev (Rhos), 172, 173, 176, 177, 179-80, 281, 301, 302, 314; Mongols, 272, 275, 277, 281, 286, 300-01, 302, 305, 308, 312, 314; Mongols — Golden Horde (Western Kipchak), 281, 285-89 passim, 300, 301, 312; Muscovy, 302, 304-08, 310-14; Novgorod, 302, 305; Pskov, 302, 305; see also Avars; Turkic tribes
Russian Primary Chronicle, 176
331
Sabellians, 51
Saladin, 208, 222
Sallam, 256
Samnites, 51
Samonas, 132-34, 136-37, 152
Samuel, 143
Sardinia, 51, 54, 69, 70
Sargon II, 17, 21, 22
Sargun ibn Mansur, 200
Sarmatians, 118, 160, 181, 182
Sartaq, 288
Sassanians, 45, 46, 146, 167-70, 191; and Byzantine Empire, 128, 129, 140, 146, 153, 158, 167-68, 169, 170, 192, 197; and Roman Empire, 167, 168
Sauromates, 110
Sayf ad-Dawlah, 208
Scilurus, 179
Scipio, Lucius Cornelius, 69
Scipio, PubJius Cornelius, 60-61
Scipio Africanus the Elder, 64, 67
Scipio Africanus the Younger, 66, 67, 68, 76, 86
Scythians, 171
Secret History of the Mongols, 285
secret police/secret agents: Arab Muslims, 147-48, 200, 216-17, 222, 224; Assyria, 20, 22-23, 27; Babylonia, 20; Byzantine Empire, 132, 137, 140, 146, 147; Byzantine Empire — agentes in rebus, 109-10, 129-32, 137, 140, 149; Egypt, dynastic, 15; Muscovy, 313—14; Persia, 24, 26-27, 31, 32; Roman Empire — frumentarii, 101 -03, 106-07, 108, 129;
Sassanians, 46
Seleucids, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 65, 80; and Egypt, Ptolemaic, 39, 40; and Macedonia, 40, 67; maritime activities, 80; and Roman Empire, 52, 65, 67-68, 74; and Syria, 39, 40, 65, 80
Seleucus, 44
Selim I, 235
Seljuks, 223-25, 227
Serbs, 165, 181, 182
Sertorius, 75-76, 80, 85, 89
Sesostris I, 9
Seti I, 4, 12
Severus, 97
Shalmanser HI, 15, 21
Shamanism, 264
Shamash-shum-ukin, 19
Sharaf ad-Din, 227
Shi Huang Ti, 278 al-Shi’i, 220
Shi’ites, 194, 200, 202, 203
Shuyab ben Omar, 248
Sicily: Arab Muslims, 133, 191, 193, 207; Byzantine Empire, 133; Carthaginians, 51, 56, 75; as Greek colony, 49, 51; as Greek colony — and Roman Empire, 40, 51; Normans, 256
Sidon, 21
signals, use of: Arab Muslims, 219, 222, 231, 233; banners, 157; Byzantine Empire, 140, 142-43, 151, 157, 219; Carthaginians, 54, 56, 57, 58, 61-62; flags, 67; Gauls, 61; light, 294; Mongols, 294; Persia, 31-33, 42, 44; Roman Empire, 43, 64, 67, 86, 117-18; trumpets, 151; vocal, 44, 58, 67; water telegraph, 42-43, 56
signals, use of — fire and smoke: Arab Muslims, 219, 222, 233; Assyria, 19, 20, 42; Byzantine Empire, 142-43, 157, 219; Carthaginians, 54, 56, 57, 58; Greece, 42-43, 56; Macedonia, 42; Persia, 31-33, 42; Pontus, 77; Roman Empire, 43, 67, 86, 117-18;
Seleucids, 44
Silzibul (Istämi), 169-70
332
Sinuhe, 9
Skylitzes, 132
Slavs, 160, 162, 167, 172, 181, 182; Antes, 160-61; and Arab Muslims, 256; and Avars, 129, 153, 158, 161, 181, 182; and Byzantine Empire, 129, 153, 158-59, 160-61,
181, 182; Christianity, 180, 182; Croats, 180-82; Dalmatia, 180, 181, 182; al-Dir, 256; Lllyricum, 129, 180, 181, 192; and Rhos, 172, 179, 180; Sarmatians, 118, 160, 181, 182
Socrates, 128
Sogdians, 170, 264
Spain: Arab Muslims, 133, 175, 183, 193, 201, 207, 256; Arab Muslims — Omayvads, 202-03, 223; Byzantine Empire, 157, 159; Carthaginians, 52, 54, 57-58, 59, 60, 62, 66-67; Roman Empire, 58, 59, 66-67, 74, 83, 85; Visigoths, 201
Staden, Heinrich von, 308, 319-11
Strabo: Geography, 54, 72, 73, 114
Sübötäi, 272, 275-76, 276-77
Suebi, 84
Suetonius: Life of the Caesars, 84, 85, 91-92
Sulaiman (8th cent,), 196
Sulaiman (mid-9th cent,), 256, 27879
Sulla, 76
Sunnites, 208, 223
Svatopluk, 178, 179
Svjatoslav (of Kiev), 173
Svjatoslav (of Novgorod), 180
Swedes, 310
Symeon, 129, 178, 244
Symeon Magister, 136
Syria, 34, 54; Arab Muslims, 191, 196-97, 202; Arab Muslims — Abbasids, 208, 209, 214; Arab Muslims — Avyubids, 208, 226; Arab Muslims — and Byzantine Empire, 143, 148, 153, 154, 191-92, 195, 196, 197, 208, 236; Arab Muslims — Fatimids, 222, 223; Arab Muslims — Mamluks, 22526, 227, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235; Arab Muslims — Omayyads, 191, 193-97 passim, 199-202; and Assyria, 15, 21; Crusaders, 208, 223-24, 225, 226; and Egypt, dynastic, 4, 6, 7-8, 11, 12, 14, 16; and Egypt, Ptolemaic, 39, 40; and Hittites, 11, 12; and Mongols, 226, 230, 231; Monophysites, 192; and Ottoman Empire, 235; and Persia, 24, 167; and Roman Empire, 52, 65-66; and Roman Empire — as province, 74, 79, 80; and Seleucids, 39, 40, 65, 80; and Seljuks, 223
Tabari: Arabic Chronicle, 199, 241, 247
Tacitus: Germania, 114, 116; The Histories, 118; Life of Agricola, 114
Tamerlane, 235
Tanguts (Hsi-Hsia), 265, 274
Tanner, B, L, F., 311
al-Tanuhi, 243
Tarath, 247, 248
Tardu, 171
Tarentum, 51, 63
Tariq, 201
Tartars, 264; Kin (Chin), 265, 266, 280, 281, 285
Tcheoun-li, 279
Tell-el-Amarna: tablets, 4, 11, 12, 16
Temujin see Jenghiz Khan
Teutons, 76
Theoctistus, 248
Theodora (Byz, empress), 239, 248
Theodore, St., 124, 151
Theodore (Patriarch of Antioch), 147
Theodoric the Great, 128
Theodosius I, 123, 167
333
Theodosius II, 123, 124-25, 166: Code, 100, 123, 124, 125, 130
Theodosius (Count), 117
Theophanes, 147, 195, 196; Chronographia, 136, 147-48
Theophilus, 142, 239-40, 248
Theophilus the Indian, 168
Theophylactus, 171
Thomas the Slavonic, 236, 240
T’hutiy, 4, 6
Thutmose I, 4
Thutmose II, 9
Thutmose III, 4
Thutmose IV, 10
Tiberius II, 170
Tibet, 284; see also
Tanguts (HsiHsia)
Tiglath-Pileser I, 15, 17
Tiglath-Pileser III, 15
Tigranes, 78
Titius, Marcus, 90
Togusar, 285
Tolui, 272, 274
Toxaras, Michael, 252
Trachaniot, Jurig, 305
trade: China, 114, 168, 169, 170, 212, 218, 274-75, 279; India, 45, 114, 168, 235, 279; silk road and silk trade, 114, 168, 169, 170; see also commercial intelligence; maritime activities
Trajan, 94, 98, 102, 110, 117
Transoxiana, 193
transportation: bridges, 17, 68; canals, 24, 226, 233, 278; see also camels, use of; elephants, use of; horses, use of: maritime activities; mules, donkeys, and asses, use of; oxen, use of; relays and relay stations; roads
T’u-chüeh (Turks), 158, 169-70; and Avars, 158, 170, 171; and Byzantine Empire, 169-71; Sogdians as vassals, 170
Tughril, 223
Tulunids, 213, 218, 219
Tungus, 274
Tunisia, 206
Turcs see Magyars
Turkestan, 264, 266; see also Kara-Khitai; T’u-chüeh
Turkic Empire see T’u-chüeh
Turkic tribes, 265; and Byzantine Empire, 129, 158, 165, 172; Kabaroi, 178; Khazars, 172, 173; Pechenegues, 129, 165, 173, 177, 179; Uigurs, 264, 265; see also Mamluks
Turks: Kang-li, 286; Ottoman Empire, 235; Seljuks, 223-25, 227; T’u-chüeh, 158, 169-71
Turkomans, 223
Turxanthos, 170
Tver’, 302, 305
Tyre, 208; see also Phoenicia
Tzanes, 172
Tzeleric, 147
Uigurs, 264, 265
Ur, 16
Ur-Nina, 16
Valentine, 170-71
Vandals, 128, 153
Venice, 183, 244, 245
Verres, 76-77
Vibulius, 87
Visigoths, 201
Vitry, Jacques de, 262, 264
Vlachs (Valaques), 165
Vladimir, 176
Volusianus, 123
Walid I, 146, 197, 199, 201, 226
Wallachia, 281
Al-Wathiq, 241
Xenophon, 26-30 passim, 33, 34, 38, 40-41, 92, 93; Anabasis, 41
Xerxes, 29-30, 31
334
Yahya al-Barmaki, 206, 208
Ya’kubi: Book of Countries, 247-48, 254
Yazid, 195, 200
Yazid II, 201
Yemen, 192
Yen-tsung, 297
Zachlumians, 182
Zangi, 225
Zautzes family, 132-33, 152
Zemarchus, 170
Ziyad, 195, 200
Zoë (Byz. empress), 252
Zoë Karbonopsina, 133, 136
Zoë Palaeologus (Sophia), 304