TABLE OF CONTENTS
 

CHAPTER I
CHARACTERISTICS OF TURKISH RULE
The Growth of the Turkish Bureaucracy .............................................................................. 4
The Doubtful Benefits of European Influence:
        Superficial Imitation of Civilisation, 9. Ineffectual Interference of the Powers, 15
The Turkish System of Ascendancy :
    Limited Idea of the State, 20. Race and Religion, 22. Fanaticism, 25. The Economic Basis, 26
Types of Turkish Sentiment ................................................................................................. 28
Absence of Civil Order : Illustrations ................................................................................... 30
Neglect of the Rural Districts ............................................................................................... 32
The Meaning of Fear in Macedonia ..................................................................................... 36
Note. Law Courts and Finance ........................................................................................... 40

CHAPTER II
VILLAGE LIFE IN MACEDONIA

Industry and External Conditions of the Villagers .................................................................. 42
Tithes and Taxes ................................................................................................................. 45
Rural Guards ....................................................................................................................... 47
Differences in Prosperity of Villages ...................................................................................... 48
    Brigandage. Migratory Labour.
The Land Question ............................................................................................................... 51
    Family Budgets. Food and Clothing
The Daily Round of Petty Tyranny ........................................................................................ 55

CHAPTER III
THE ORTHODOX CHURCH

Attachment of the Peasants to the Churches ......................................................................... 59
The Church the one possible Political Organisation ............................................................... 61
Power of the Bishops .......................................................................................................... 63
Secularisation of Religion ..................................................................................................... 66
    Absence of Heresy. Indifference to Conduct. Position of Priests. Fatalistic Idea of God.
Religious Feuds really Racial Conflicts .................................................................................. 71
Catholicism in the Balkans .................................................................................................... 73
Note. Protestant Missions .................................................................................................... 74

CHAPTER IV
THE RACES OF MACEDONIA

Description of a Macedonian Town ..................................................................................... 76
Mixed Racial Origin of Moslems ......................................................................................... 80
Gipsies ............................................................................................................................... 81
Jews ................................................................................................................................... 82
The Dounmé ....................................................................................................................... 84
The Towns not Typical of Macedonia .................................................................................. 86
Albanian Immigration into Macedonia .................................................................................. 88
History of Macedonian Races .............................................................................................. 91
    Disappearance of Greek and Latin Culture. Causes of Early Decay of Greek influence. The Coming of the Slavs, 94
    Origin of the Bulgars, 95. The Bulgarian Empires, 96. Servian Empire, 97.
Eclipse of the Slav Races after the Turkish Conquest ............................................................ 99
Are the Macedonians Serbs or Bulgars ? ............................................................................ 101
National Propagandas
    Reasons for Servian Failure, 103. Weakness of Greek Claims, 105.
Notes. Physical Conformation and Climate ......................................................................... 108
Means of Communication ................................................................................................... 109

CHAPTER V
THE BULGARIAN MOVEMENT

First Impressions of the Bulgarian Character ........................................................................ 111
The Treaty of San Stefano ................................................................................................... 114
Formation of the Insurgent Committee ................................................................................. 115
    Democratic Attitude. Careful Organisation.
The Committee in Bulgaria .................................................................................................. 118
Ideal of a neutral Autonomy ................................................................................................ 121
Early Struggles with the Turks ............................................................................................. 124
Terrorism and Feud with the Greeks ................................................................................... 129
General Tzoncheff's Raid .................................................................................................... 134
The Salonica Outrages ........................................................................................................ 135
Hilmi Pasha's Measures of Repression ................................................................................. 138
    Incidents at Mogilla and Smerdesh.
The General Rising of 1903 in Monastir ............................................................................... 148
The General Rising of 1903 in Thrace .................................................................................. 156
The Sufferings of the Non-Combatants ................................................................................ 158
The Psychology of the Bulgarians ......................................................................................... 166
Note. The Rival Committees ................................................................................................ 171

CHAPTER VI
THE VLACHS

Typical Village of Pisoderi .................................................................................................... 173
Place of the Vlachs in the Economy of Macedonia ................................................................. 177
The Vlach Language ............................................................................................................. 179
History of the Vlachs ............................................................................................................ 180
Women the Conservative Force in the East ........................................................................... 181
Weakening of the Greek Connection ..................................................................................... 185
The Roumanian Propaganda .................................................................................................. 187
Feud with the Greeks ............................................................................................................ 189

CHAPTER VII
THE GREEKS

Castoria and its Archbishop ................................................................................................... 191
Grounds of Greek Claim to Macedonia ................................................................................. 194
"Bulgarophone Greeks" ......................................................................................................... 199
What is " Hellenism" ? ............................................................................................................ 201
Vulgar and Literary Greek ..................................................................................................... 204
The Greek Alliance with the Turks ......................................................................................... 209
Conduct of the Greek Bands ................................................................................................. 213
Contrast between Cretans and Macedonians ......................................................................... 218
Note. Greek Statistics ........................................................................................................... 219

CHAPTER VIII
THE ALBANIANS

The Albanian Character ......................................................................................................... 221
Language and History :
    Scänderbeg, 231. Ali Pasha, 232.
Customs and Feudalism ......................................................................................................... 235
Religion
    Reasons for Conversion to Islam, 240. The Bektashis, 243.
Koritza and the Language Movement ..................................................................................... 248
Prizrend and the Reforms ....................................................................................................... 262
"Old Servia" .......................................................................................................................... 274
The Future
    Greek and Servian Claims, 278. Austrian and Italian Ambitions, 282. Albanian Pretenders (note), 286.
Prospects of Autonomy ......................................................................................................... 285
Note. Letter from an Albanian Officer .................................................................................... 288

CHAPTER IX
THE PROBLEM OF REFORM

Revival of the Macedonian Question in 1902 .......................................................................... 290
Policy of Austria .................................................................................................................... 293
Policy of Russia ..................................................................................................................... 296
Hilmi Pasha and the First Reforms .......................................................................................... 300
The Mürzsteg Programme ...................................................................................................... 305
    The Gendarmerie Scheme, 306. Financial Control, 309.
Failure to Pacify Macedonia ................................................................................................... 311
Arguments against Partition of Macedonia between Austria and Russia .................................... 315
Sketch of a Scheme for International Control .......................................................................... 321
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 332

Index ..................................................................................................................................... 337