Index
Aachen, Charlemagne’s basilica 109
Aboba, ruins of, 95-6; see also Pliska
Abydos, 61, 74
Achelous river, battle of (917) 63 64, 70
Adrianople, 24, 39, 49-51, 60, 66, 91, 92, 94; battle of (378), 26
Aegean islands and sea, 52, 94, 136, 138
Agriculture, 79-87;
Anatolian, 79; Bulgarian, 80-81; cereal crops, 79, 80, 82; fodder crops, 79; fruit trees, 79-81; implements, 82; leguminous crops, 80; olives, 79; stock breeding, 81; vegetables, 81; vines, 79, 80
Alans, the, 24, 26, 27, 123, 140
Albania and the
Albanians, 22-4, 43, 54, 61; language, 23
Alexios I Comnenus, 78, 116
Anchialos, 37, 43, 48, 50, 51, 54, 63, 94, 98; naval base, 137
Angelarius, Moravian missionary, 154, 155
Antae, the, 30, 31
Apostolic Canons, 177-8
Arabs, the, 27, 39, 41, 45, 52, 54, 61, 62, 77, 81, 82, 91, 123, 136, 138, 181, 182
Arcadiopolis (Lüle Burgaz), 50; battle of (970), 72
Archontes, 93, 123, 127, 136
Arethas, Metropolitan of Caesarea, 18, 171, 179
Arkona (Rügen), Temple of the Wends, 141
Armaments, production of, 106, 114
Armenia and Armenians, 61, 77, 78, 103, 163, 182
Arnulf, King of Bavaria, 157
Arpad, Magyar leader, 59
Ashot of Taron, 74
Asia Minor, 101, 123, 136, 142, 185 ; bishoprics, 94 ; long-distance trade, 94
Asparukh, Bulgar leader, 46-8, 100, 126-7, 143, 158
Athanasius, St, 105, 180
Athens, 22, 39, 52, 90-4, 103; and the Goths, 26; excavation of Agora, 17
Attica, 40, 41
Attila, 28, 45, 96
Auxentius, bishop of Silistria, 99
Avars, the, 35-9, 42-9, 52, 54, 68, 82, 90-1, 99, 124, 159, 189; and the Romans, 37-8; and the Slavs, 36-8; Khagans, 36
Bachkovo, monastery, 78
Baian, Khagan of the Avars. 36, 38, 43
Balčik, 98, 143
Balkan chain, 22, 23, 26, 33, 38, 47, 48, 72, 126
Balsamon, Theodore, 170
Balshi (Albania), Greek inscription, 158
Bardanes, 175
Bardas Phocas, 72
Bardas Sclerus, 72, 73
Basil I, emperor, 18, 56, 117, 119, 149, 151, 152, 154, 156, 179, 185
Basil II, emperor, 70, 72, 73; war against western Bulgaria, 74-5, 99; Psalter, 190
Basilica (codification of law), 119
Belgrade, 129, 154; bishopric, 129, 154; see also Singidunum
Benjamin, son of Symeon, 69
Berrhoea see Stara Zagora
Beševliev V, 18, 23, 45, 61, 128, 129, 143, 174
Bibliotheca (Photius), 170, 178
Bishoprics, 129
Blachernae, Symeon’s coronation ceremony at, 62
224
Black Sea, 24, 35, 37-9, 43, 46, 48, 50, 55, 59, 60, 72, 81, 136-9, 163, 175, 185; cities, 89, 91, 92, 94, 98, 127, 143; wall to Sea of Marmara, 29
Bogomils, the, 127, 164-6, 168, 198; Pop Bogomil, 164, 165
Bononia (Vidin), 44, 98
Book of the Preject, 106-7, 113, 119
Boris, King of Bulgaria, 18, 19, 51, 54-8, 60, 68, 73, 74, 95, 97, 114, 124, 127, 129, 139, 140, 158, 162, 163, 178, 183-4, 189, 194, 197, 198;
and Christianity, 14561, 175-6; and Photius, 146-9; and Byzantine missionaries, 146; baptism, 146; and Roman envoys, 148-50; conflict with the Pope, 151-2; and Bulgarian church, 153-6, 184; and Moravian missionaries, 154-5; abdicates and -withdraws to monastery, 157, 176; takes control again, 157, 176; presents Symeon as his successor, 158; death, 161; canonised, 160
Boris II, King of Bulgaria, 72, 73
Bosnia, 165
Boyars, 125, 127, 144, 161
Bregalnitsa, 129, 184; Church of St Germanus, 161
Breviarium (Nicephorus), 178, 180
Bulgaria:
economy, 16; social culture, 16; archaeology, 17-18 origin of Bulgarian state, 45-8; Constantine IV’s campaign, 46; establishment in Moesia, 46-7; social and military hierarchy, 47; settlements, 47 ; area of original state, 48
and Byzantium in early ninth century, 49-53; campaigns of Nicephorus and Krum, 49-50; treaty of 815-16, 50-1; Thirty years Peace, 51; fortifications, 51; Bulgarian expansion, 5 1 relations with Byzantium in ninth and tenth centuries, 54-78; Byzantine invasion, 55; required to accept Christian faith, 55; rebellion of boyars, 55; co-operation with Byzantium, 56; formation of Slavonic church, 56; anti-Christian reaction, 56-7 ; reign of Symeon, 57-69; controversy over mitaton, 58-9; Symeon’s campaigns, 59-66; expansion of territory, 61; archbishop made patriarch, 67; period of peace, 67-8; flourishing Christian culture, 68; decline of power, 68-9; feudalisation, 68-9; military defeat and political disintegration, 69-70; wave of asceticism, 70; Russian invasion, 71; eastern Bulgaria under Byzantine administration, 73; western Bulgarian kingdom, 73-4; war against Basil II, 74-5; further disintegration and end of kingdom, 75 agriculture, 80-81 ; cities, 94-101 ; trade and industry, 111-15; political structure, 123-9; army, 133-5; lack of war fleet, 138-9 Christianity, 143-66; culture, 173-86; legal code, 178-9; translations from Byzantine, 180-81; pre-Christian art, 185; Slavonic influence on art, 185; dress, 18990; folklore and legend, 190-1; diet, 191; immigrants from Byzantium, 193; land ownership, 196
Bulgarophygon, battle of, 60
Bulgars, 21, 33, 36, 45-51; invasions of Thrace, 29-30, 33, 34; establishment south of Danube, 42; urban settlements, 91-2
Burgas, Gulf of, 48, 50, 63, 138
Byzantine buildings, 105, 109
Byzantium and the Byzantines, 32, 38, 43, 195;
development, 16; archaeology, 17-18; historians and chroniclers, 18 and the Slavs, 32, 33, 39, 41, 45; and the Avars, 35-7, 45; control of Greek cities, 39 40; and the Croats, 44; and the Bulgars, 47-53
225
relations with Bulgaria in 9th and 10th centuries, 54-78; concessions to Bulgaria, 54; aggressive policy, 54-5; conquests and invasions, 55; co-operation with Bulgaria, 56; Symeon’s campaigns, 59-63; alliance with Magyars, 59; payment of tribute to Bulgaria, 60-1 ; period of peace, 67-8: war with Russia, 72-3; Basil II’s campaigns, 74-5 ; basis of empire, 77-8; structure of society, 78 agriculture, 79-80; cities, 94; trade and industry, 102-11 ; army, 131-2; war fleet, 136, 139; naval bases, 136-7; culture, 170-3, 179; churches, 178: law, 179; dress, 189-90; folklore and legend, 190-1; land ownership, 196-7; merchants, 197
Caesar Bardas, 121
Cappadocia, 162, 166, 185
Çatalca fortifications, 29
Catasyrtae, battle of (917), 64
Cathar movement, 198
Caucasus, the, 35, 94
Celtic speakers, 23-4
Červen, 99, 158
Chalkis, 91, 92
Chariot races, 119
Charlemagne, 48
Chatzon, Slav leader, 38
Cherson, 17, 71, 93, 103, 104
China, 17, 35, 36, 94, 174
Chios: Nea Mone, 105
Chosroes II, 38-9
Christian Cosmography (Cosmas Indicopleustes), 178
Christianity, 23, 33, 42, 44, 52, 140, 190, 196;
conversions of Slavs, 41, 52; Byzantine conquests and conversions, 55; Slavonic church and religious tradition, 56, 142 in Bulgaria, 143-66, 175; the State and Christianity, 144-5; Boris and Christianity, 145-61; mass conversions, 145; Byzantine clergy in Bulgaria, 147; mission from the Pope, 148-50: Frankish clergy, 149; Councils of Constantinople, 151-2; consecration of first archbishop, 152 ; Pope and patriarch, 152-3; building up of Bulgarian church, 153; Moravian missionaries, 154-5; training of Slavonic clergy, 56, 155-7 ; Greek and Slavonic missionaries, 156; monasteries, 159; saints’ relics and tombs, 159-60; the church under Symeon, 161; church building, 161; unorthodox communities, 162-6; the Bogomils, 164 6, 198
Byzantine Christianity, 166-9; Iconoclast crisis, 166-7; Zealots, 167 ; Nicolaites and Euthymians, 168; missionary enterprises, 168-9; mass conversions, 169; and Byzantine culture, 170; and literature, 172; and Hellenism, 182-3
Christopher Lecapenus, 69
Christopolis (Kavalla), 92, 94
Churches, 105, 109, 161, 184; round churches, 185-6
Chuvash people, 46, 190
Cibyrrheot theme, 136
Cities and city life, 89 101, 188
Civil servants, 121-2
Clan membership, 188-9
Clement of Ohrid, Moravian missionary, 56, 80, 99, 129, 154-5, 157, 160, 161; training of Slavonic clergy, 155
Coins, 110-11
Comitatus (provinces), 127
Constantine the Great, 22, 116, 160
Constantine IV, emperor, 46
Constantine V, emperor, 48, 139, 162
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, emperor, 18, 39, 61-3, 65-7, 70, 93, 118-19, 124, 125, 128, 131, 171, 178
Constantine, son of Romanus II, 70, 72
Constantine the Presbyter, 161, 179, 180
226
Constantine Ducas, Byzantine commander, 61, 63
Constantinople, 16, 17, 22-4, 27, 29-30, 34, 35, 41, 42, 45, 48, 56-9, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 81, 91, 93, 94, 98, 103, 105, 109, 132, 153, 170, 176, 186, 193-5 ;
besieged by Avars (626), 38-9, 46; besieged by Krum (812-14), 50, 140; Russian attacks, 54-5, 69, 136, 139; Symeon camps outside walls, 61, 62, 66, 160; Great Palace, 103 5 ; pottery, 104; silk, 105; Shoemakers' Quarter, 105; churches, 105; arsenal, 106; guilds, 106-7; monastery of St John of Studios, 108, 159, 167, 172; merchants, 110; import of gold, 110 ; imports from Bulgaria, 113; administration, 123: Hagia Sophia, 157; schools, 171 Corinth, 17, 21, 39-40, 52, 90 2, 94, 103, 104, 106; Isthmus of, 34; Gulf of, 64; glass-ware, 104; silk, 105
Cosmas Indicopleustes, 178
Cosmas the Presbyter, 112, 113, 164-5, 180
Councils of Constantinople : (869), 151-2; (879-80), 152
Crete and Cretans, 52, 70, 78; cities, 90, 196; seized by Arabs, 136
Crimea, the, 71, 94
Croatia and the Croats, 44, 47, 67
Crusader historians, 99, 100
Culture, 170-86: Byzantine, 170-3; Hellenistic tradition, 173; Bulgarian, 173; Moslem. 181-3
Curiales, 89
Customs barriers, 114
Cypriot church, 152
Cyril, Byzantine missionary, 56, 129, 145, 150, 154, 155, 160, 176, 177, 180, 187
Cyrillic alphabet, 20, 97, 156, 176-7
Daco-Moesians, 22, 43, 77
Dalmatia and Dalmatians, 43, 44, 67 ; cities, 92
Danube river, 22, 24-37, 42, 44-9, 51, 55, 59, 69, 71, 72, 90, 100, 126, 128, 138, 139; as frontier, 25-6, 28, 33, 34, 37; Roman flotillas, 34; forts and cities, 96, 98-9; delta, 137, 138
Dardanelles, the, 66, 74
De Administrando Imperio, 18
De Caerimoniis (Constantine VII), 119, 125, 128
Demetrias, 61, 92, 94
Develtus, 24, 39, 48, 50, 51, 54, 69, 91, 94, 98; bishopric, 129
Dictionaries, 171-2
Dinaric Alps, 22, 44
Dionysiopolis, 98, 143
Dnieper river, 30, 32, 137
Dniester river, 26, 141
Dobrudja, the, 28, 38
Doks, brother of King Boris, 155, 161
Dometa, governor of Macedonia, 155
Dominic, bishop of Triva, 150
Doux (detachment commander), 132, 136
Dragomer, Krum’s ambassador, 174
Dress, 189-90
Dristros the Komes, 130
Dubrovnik, 92, 93
Dujčev, Professor Ivan, 183
Dulcissimus, bishop of Silistria, 99
Dulo tribe and royal house, 47, 48, 124
Dyrrhachium (Durazzo), 23, 24, 28, 42, 63, 64
East Roman Emperors, 27, 29
Ecloga (legal code), 124, 125, 179
Edessa, 24, 93
Education, 171-2; professional, 172
Egypt, 39, 45, 82, 123, 182, 185
Ekprosōpon (lieutenant-general), 122
Encheiridion (Epictetus), 178
Encyclopedias, 171, 180, 181
England, Anglo-Saxon, 16-17
Epanagoge (summary of the law), 117, 119, 179
Ephesus, 103
227
Epictetus, 178
Epirus, 22, 40-3; cities, 90
Eustathios, commander of Byzantine fleet, 59
Euthymius and the Euthymians, 63, 168
Euthymius (military engineer), 134, 144
Exartysis (shipbuilding service), 137
Excerpta historica (Constantine VII), 124
Excubiti (army unit), 132
Farmer’s Law, 79, 80, 82, 131, 179
Fatimid Caliph, the, 66
Feudalisation, 68-9
Foederati, 25-8, 34, 133
Folk-lore, 190-1
Formosus, bishop of Porto, 149-51
Franks, the, 36, 39, 49, 51, 77, 186; Bulgar alliance with, 55, 146, 151; Frankish church, 148, 149
Fruit and fruit-trees, 79-81, 191
Gabriel of Lesnovo, St, 160
Gallo-Roman communities, 77
Gaul, 16, 23, 27
Geoponica, 80
George the Monk, 18, 178
George Choeroboskos, 180
George Sursubul, 69
George Syncellus, 178
Georgians, 77, 78, 182; language of liturgy, 78
Georgiev V, 43
Germanic community and speakers, 31, 34, 77
Glagolitic alphabet, 97, 155, 156, 176-7, 180
Gleb. St. 160
Gothic Games, 119
Goths, the, 22, 23, 26-7, 31; breakup of power, 31
Greece, 21-2, 27, 34, 37, 39-41, 49, 51-3, 64-5, 75, 142, 145, 191; cities, 89
Greek Anthology, 179
Greek fire, 137, 138
Greek language and Greek speakers, 16, 23, 40, 42, 43, 56, 77-8, 128, 155-6, 158, 174, 176, 180, 187-8, 196-8; inscriptions, 183; liturgical use, 41, 52, 57, 147
Gregory the Great, Pope, 148; liturgy, 177
Gregory the Presbyter, 180 81
Gregory Pakourianos, 78
Grimoald, bishop of Polymartia, 150
Guilds, 106-8, 199
Hadrian II, Pope, 149-52
Hadrianopolis see Adrianople
Hellenic culture, 75-6, 182-3, 194
Heraclius, Emperor, 44, 45, 47
Hermanrich, bishop of Passau, 149
Hexaemeron (St Basil), 179
Hieria, vinfage festival, 119
Hierocles, 90, 91, 94
Hikanatoi (army unit), 132
Hrabr, Bulgarian monk. 156, 177, 180
Huns, the, 27-9, 31, 33, 45
Iberia, trade with, 103
Iconoclast crisis, 166-7
Idrisi, 99, 100
Ignatius, patriarch, 56, 149, 151, 152, 167
Igor, prince of Kiev, 69
Illyria (Illyricum) and
Illyrians, 22-4, 28, 37, 42, 43; cities, 89; ecclesiastical province, 148; language, 23
Introduction to the Gospels (Bishop Constantine), 179
Ioannina, 92, 94
Ioannopolis, 72; see also Preslav
Iranian speakers, 24, 26, 30, 183
Irnak, son of Attila, 45
Irene, Empress, 48
Iron, use of, 30, 102; agricultural implements, 82
Iskur (Oescus) river, 24, 48, 138
Italian merchant groups, 21-2
Italy, 29, 40, 42, 46, 54
Ivan, son of Symeon, 69
228
Jews, 103, 163, 166; silk-weavers, 105
John VIII, Pope, 152
John the Exarch, 82, 97, 100, 161-3, 179-80, 184
John Cameniates, 114
John Chrysostom, 177, 180
John Climacus, 178
John Damascene, 179
John of Rila, St, 70, 159, 160
John Scholasticus, 17 8
John Tzimiskes, 72, 73, 139
John Vladislav, King of Bulgaria, 75, 77
John Zonaras, 166
Justin I, emperor, 33
Justin II, emperor, 35
Justinian, emperor, 17, 18, 32, 34, 35, 37, 75, 89, 117, 160, 170; Corpus of Civil Law, 119
Justinian II, emperor, 48, 50, 128, 133
Kardam, Khan, 48
Kastoria, 38, 94
Kastron (military city), 92-3
Kavalla, 92, 94
Khans, 47, 123-8, 133, 135, 173-5, 189
Khazars, the, 33, 46, 55, 103, 145; missions to, 168
Kiev, 71, 140, 141, 145; princes of, 198; St Sophia’s Church, 109
Kleisourai, 123, 131
Kommerkiarioi, 98, 103, 109, 114
Kotrigurs, the, 33, 34, 36, 45
Koursanis, Magyar leader, 59
Krakra, Bulgarian general, 75
Kritēs (official of theme), 123
Krum, Khan, 48-51, 68, 73, 74, 91, 92, 94-6, 98, 99, 114, 124, 127-9, 133-4, 137, 138, 140, 143, 144, 157, 174, 175, 189, 193
Land ownership, 196-7
Larissa, 94; siege of, 73
Later Roman Empire, The (Jones), 26
Latin language and Latin-speakers, 16, 23, 42, 46, 77
Laurence, Moravian missionary, 154-5
Leo I, emperor, 28
Leo III, emperor, 139
Leo IV, emperor, 163
Leo V, emperor, 50, 52, 98
Leo VI (the Wise), emperor, 18, 57-61, 65, 90, 106, 110, 119, 131, 153, 156, 167-8, 179, 197
Leo Choirosphaktes. 18. 59. 60
Leo of Tripoli, 61
Leo Phocas, Byzantine commander, 63, 65, 70
Leucius, heretic, 163
Lexicon (Photius), 138
Life of St Luke the Younger, 54
Life of the Fifteen Martyrs of Tiberiopolis, 130
Limitanei, 25
List of Princes, 77, 183
Little Preslav, 71
Liturgical books, 177-8
Liutprand of Cremona, 109, 189
Lombards, the, 36, 46, 82
Long Walls, 29-30, 34
Louis the German, King of the Franks, 146, 148
Lykostomion, naval base, 138
Macedonia and Macedonians, 22, 29, 33, 34, 41, 42, 48, 49, 51, 53, 56, 59, 61, 69, 73-5, 81, 94, 129, 139, 143, 154-5, 157, 164, 176, 184, 189; cities, 90, 91
Madara, 77, 140; rock inscriptions, 46, 128, 140
Magyars, the, 59, 66, 68-71, 99, 161, 195; immigration to Hungary, 60; mercenaries, 72
Malalas, chronicle of, 178, 180
Malamir, Khan, 51, 96, 100, 126, 127, 144, 160, 174, 175; repression of Christians, 144, 145
Manichaeans, 162, 163, 165
Manuel, bishop of Adrianople, 175
Maria Lecapena, queen of Bulgaria, 69, 70, 99
Marinus the deacon, 151
Markets, 102-3
Massalians, 163, 165
229
Maurice, emperor, 37
Mauricius, Byzantine writer, 133, 139, 189
Menologies, 111
Mesembria (Nesebar), 46, 48, 50, 51, 63, 94, 98, 134; naval base, 137, 138
Metal-working, 105, 112
Methodius, Byzantine missionary, 56, 129, 145, 150, 154, 155, 160, 176, 177, 187
Michael II, emperor, 52, 111
Michael III, emperor, 54, 118, 146 149, 171
Michael, son of Symeon, 69, 70
Michael Syncellus, patriarch of Constantinople, 180
Mikulčice, 185; round church, 186
Miracles of St George, 82, 189
Mitaton (official lodging): 58-9
Moesia, 23, 26, 28, 29, '37, 96, 139; Bulgars established in, 46-7; cities, 89, 91
Monasteries and monasticism, 70, 108, 153, 159
Monemvasia, 52, 92; Chronicle of, 39
Monophysites, 55, 163
Morava valley, 24, 33
Moravia and Moravians, 55, 56, 145, 146, 154. 186, 194, 196; missions to, 168
Moslems, 55, 66, 138, 181-3
Mount Athos, 105, 108
Mu’awiya, Arab leader, 136
Nagy Szent-Miklôs, 112; pre-Christian art, 185
Naissus (Nish), 24, 38
Naum, Moravian missionary, 56, 154-5, 160, 161, 176; training of Slavonic clergy, 56, 155-7
Nauplia, 52, 94
Navies, 136-9
Nea Philadelpheia, 61, 129
Neo-Manicheanism, 166-8
Nesebar see Mesembria
Nicephorus I, emperor, 49, 63, 144
Nicephorus of Latmos, St, 171
Nicephorus Phocas the elder, 59, 65, 134
Nicephorus Phocas, emperor, 70-2, 96, 131
Nicetas, patriarch, 52
Nicetas of Remesiana, 23
Nicetas Skleros, 59
Nicholas I, Pope, 19, 134-5, 140, 178, 190; and Photias, 147-8; and Boris, 148-50
Nicholas III, patriarch, 39
Nicolaus Mysticus, patriarch, and the Nicolaites, 61-4, 66, 160, 168
Nicopolis ad Istrum (Nikjup), 24, 42, 44
Nish see Naissus
Nomocanons, 178
Novels (new laws), 119
Novi Pazar, carved capital, 185
Odessos (Varna), 94, 98, 99, 137, 138, 143
Oescus, 113; river, 24, 48
Ohrid, 24, 73, 75, 99, 101; bishopric, 129; church of the Archangels, 184; church of the Holy Wisdom, 184; church of the Virgin, 161; lake, 24; monastery of St Panteleimon, 156, 159; schools, 177
Old Slavonic, 18, 20, 179, 186; Bulgarian law code, 18; literature, 158
Olive cultivation, 79, 81
Omurtag, Khan, 50, 51, 96-8, 111, 126-9, 140, 144, 160, 175
Ordo curtalis, 89
Orkhon Turks, 47, 123, 174
Ostrogoths, 26, 28-9, 34, 35
Otto, German emperor, 70
Otto of Bamberg, 141
Ottoman Turks, 76, 195
Outline of History (Bishop Constantine), 180
Pagan, Khan, 127
Pannonia, 28, 33, 34, 39, 45, 46, 48
Pannonian Bulgars, 48, 49
Paphlagonian fair, 103
Patrae, 21, 39, 52, 91; textiles, 105
Patriarchate of Constantinople, 145, 147, 152
230
Paul, bishop of Populonia, 149, 150
Paulicians, 54, 55, 145, 151, 152, 163, 165, 166, 168, 185
Pechenegs, the, 59-60, 63, 66, 69, 71; mercenaries, 72
Peloponnese, the, 40, 41, 49, 51-3, 75, 78
Perbund, Slav prince, 41
Persia and
Persians, 36-9, 44, 62, 82, 91, 123
Perun (Slav god), 141
Peryn: pre-Christian building, 141
Peter, King of Bulgaria, 68-72, 74, 99, 160, 164, 165, 179, 184, 194-5
Peter Deljan, 111
Peter of Sicily, 162
Peter the Cardinal, 152
Peter the Kavkhan, 148-51
Petronas, Byzantine general, 55
Philaretos, St, 197
Philippi, 21, 51, 92, 94
Philippopolis (Plovdiv), 24, 39, 50, 51, 72, 91, 94, 99-100, 143; bishopric, 129
Phocas, emperor, 37, 38
Photius, patriarch, 18, 56, 145-9, 151-3, 167, 168, 170, 171, 178, 179
Pippin, son of Charlemagne, 48
Pliska, Bulgar capital, 18, 47-51, 57, 63, 74, 77, 81, 82, 95-7, 100, 101, 112, 146, 149-54, 156, 158, 160, 195; basilica and palace church, 161, 184; bronzework, 185
Ploughs, 82
Political structure, 116-39;
Byzantine, 116-23, 130-32; civil servants, 121-2; codification of laws, 119-20; court ceremonies, 119; emperor’s functions and duties, 117-9; emperor’s powers, 116; hierarchy of officials, 120; Kleisourai, 123; provincial governors, 120; senate, 121; state departments, 120; tagmata, 132; theme system, 116, 122-3, 130-2; usurpations, 118-19 Bulgaria, 123-9; army, 125-6, 133-5; episcopal sees, 129; Khans, 123-8; laws, 124-5; officers of state, 125, 128; provinces and governors, 127, 129-30
Pottery, 31, 32, 47, 104, 112, 113
Preslav: Bulgar royal residence, 51; capital of Bulgaria, 57, 59, 61, 63, 67, 69-74, 95-8, 100, 101, 112, 128, 140, 154, 155, 160, 161, 176, 177, 179, 183, 194, 195; bishopric, 129; churches, 184, 185; excavations, 185; monasteries, 157, 161; schools, 177; sculptures and carvings, 185
Prochiron (summary of the law), 119, 179
Procopius Crenites, 59
Proto-Bulgars, 112, 123, 132, 133, 140, 183, 190; inscriptions, 174; language, 128; settlements, 18
Prouchontes, 93
Radislav, governor of Belgrade, 154
Rasate see Vladimir
Rastislav, King of Moravia, 145
Responsa (Nicholas I), 134-5, 140, 148-9, 190
Rhodope mountains, 22, 70
Rila mountains, 138; monastery, 159
Roman Church, 56
Roman empire, 15, 21-6, 32-3, 37-8, 45, 78; garrisons on Danube, 25-6, 28, 33, 34; posts and forts, 25, 34, 35; roads, 24-5
Romano-Celtic communities, 77
Romanus II, emperor, 70, 119
Romanus, governor of Skopie, 74
Romanus lecapenus, 64-7, 69, 70, 118-19, 168
Rügen, temples, 141
Rugievit, Wendish god, 141
Rumania and
Rumanians, 42-3
Russia and Russians, 16, 69, 71-4, 94, 100, 136, 139, 142, 145, 158, 191, 196, 198; missions to, 168; saints, 160; trade with, 103
231
Russian Primary Chronicle, 100, 187
Samo of Moravia, 194
Samos, theme of, 136
Samuel, King of Western Bulgaria, 73-5, 99, 166
Sarmatians, the, 30, 31, 44, 123. 140
Sasanian culture, 36, 123
Sava (Save) river, 35, 44
Saxo Grammaticus, 141
Sbornik, 180
Scholae (army unit), 132
Sclaviniae (Slavs), 126, 127
Sculpture, 112
Scythians, the, 24, 30
Sea of Marmara, 29, 91, 94
Serbia and Serbs, 16, 44, 47, 51, 64, 66-8, 191, 198
Serdica (Sofia), 23, 24, 38, 39, 49. 51, 91, 92, 94-5, 99, 134, 143; bishopric, 129
Sheepskin cloaks, 190
Shestodnev (John the Exarch), 97, 162, 179
Shipbuilding, 137
Sicily, 54, 61, 196
Silistra (Durostorum), 24, 26, 44, 59, 81, 99
Silver ware, 112
Singidunum (Belgrade), 24, 44, 98, 99
Sirmium, 34, 36, 42
Sklaviniai, 41, 52
Skopje, 74, 99
Škorpil, Karel, 18, 95
Slaves, 109
Slavon, ruler of the Severi, 127
Slavonic language and culture, 16-17, 30, 31, 76, 127, 154, 160-61, 174, 176-80, 187, 191, 196-8; liturgy, 158, 176, 196; translations of the Gospels, 150; see also Old Slavonic
Slavs, 21, 30-49, 51, 54, 75, 77, 80, 82, 90-1, 126-7, 133, 139, 174, 182, 183, 193-5;
settlements, 18, 30-32, 44, 47, 91-2, 111; culture, 30-32; agriculture, 30-31; expansion, 31-2; methods of warfare, 32, 35; religion, 32, 140-44; and the Avars, 36-8; and the Romans, 37-8; settlements in Greece, 40-41, 51-3; conversions to Christianity, 41, 52; absorption by Byzantines, 41
Sofia, 51, 73; see also Serdica
Sozopolis, 137, 138
Sparta, 93, 94, 105;
St Nicholas church, 105
Split, 92, 141
Stara Zagora, 48, 185
Staré Město, round church, 186
Stasis (’farm’), 188
Stephen, archbishop of Bulgaria, 157
Stobi, 24, 29
Strategicon (Mauricius), 133, 139, 189
Stratēgos (governor of theme), 122-3, 132, 136
Struma (Strymon) river and valley, 24, 41, 48, 49, 51, 75, 81, 123
Stylianos Zaoutzes, 197
Suda, the, 171
Svjatopolk, king of Moravia, 154
Svjatoslav, prince of Kiev, 71-3, 99, 100, 180, 196
Sylvester, archbishop of Bulgaria, 150, 151
Symeon, king of Bulgaria, 18, 57-70, 73, 76, 97-9, 114, 124, 125, 130, 135, 139, 142, 153, 156 8, 160-61, 165, 177, 179, 180, 183, 184, 189, 194, 197, 198;
education, 176, 189; campaigns, 59-63, 160; extension of territory, 61; coronation, 62; expeditions in Serbia and northern Greece, 64-7; defeat by Croats, 67; death, 67, 69; and Slavonic culture, 160-1
Symeon the Logothete, 184
Synaxary of Constantinople, 103
Synecdemus (Hierocles), 90
Syracuse, 54, 90
232
Syria and Syrians, 45, 77, 78, 103, 123, 163, 185
Tactica (Leo VI), 131
Tagmata (professional soldiers), 136
Tangra, Turkic sky-god, 140
Taormina, 54, 61
Taxeōtoi (military police), 123
Taygetos, mount, 40, 75
Tervel, Khan, 46, 48, 50, 128, 143
Textiles, 104-5
Thebes, 40, 52, 91, 92, 94; silk, 105
Themes (Byzantine provinces), 41-2, 53, 116, 122-3, 130-2; armies, 130 2; subdivisions, 122
Theoctistes the logothete, 54, 167, 171
Theodora, empress regent, 54, 167
Theodore Daphnopates, 179
Theodosius, emperor, 27
Theodosius II, emperor, 5 0
Theophanes the Confessor, 18, 144
Theophano, empress, 70, 72
Theophilus Presbyter, 104
Theophylact, patriarch, 164, 165
Thermopylae, 33, 34
Thessalonika, 16, 24, 34, 37-9, 41, 43, 44, 46, 52, 58, 61, 63, 64, 90, 91, 93, 94, 98, 108, 109, 114, 139, 145, 163, 194, 196; fair, 103; merchants, 110; pottery, 104; silk, 105
Thessaly, 29, 33, 40, 61, 73; cities, 90, 92
Thirty Years Peace, 5 1, 98
Thomas, emperor, 52
Thrace and Thracians, 22-4, 26, 29, 33, 34, 37, 43, 46, 47, 49-51, 54, 55, 59, 60, 63, 66, 72, 77, 94, 101, 127, 138, 139, 143, 162, 163, 168, 174, 175, 185, 189; cities, 91
Threptoi anthropoi (fighting men), 125-6, 133
Tiberius II, emperor (6th century), 36, 95
Tome of Union, 168
Tomislav, king of Croatia, 67
Tracts against tbe Arians (Athanasius), 180
Trade, 102-15; Byzantine, 102-11; Bulgaria, 111-15
Transylvania, 25, 31, 68, 80
Treatise against the Bogomils (Cosmas), 180
Trulio, Council of, 167
Tudor Doksov, 161
Turkic people and Turkic speakers, 33, 35, 45, 53, 77, 123
Ukraine and Ukrainians, 26, 30, 31, 191; Slav cult-sites, 142
Utigurs, the, 33, 34, 45
Valens, emperor, 26
Vardar river, 24, 33, 52
Varna, 94, 98, 137, 143
Veles (Volos), Slav god, 141
Vestiarios, 137
Via Egnatia, 24, 34, 39, 58-9
Vidin, 44, 98, 101
Vile (semi-divine maidens), 141
Village communes, 188
Vindex (imperial official), 89
Visigoths, 26, 27, 35
Vistula river, 30, 31, 80
Vlach peoples, 77, 174
Vladimir, king of Bulgaria, 56-7, 141, 157, 176, 198
Vodocha: church, 184
Voin (Bajan), Christian convert, 144, 160
Vokil clan, 124
Volga Bulgars, 190
Volga river, 31, 46
Wallachia, 25, 31, 68
Willibald of Mainz, 39
Yugoslavia, 23, 43
Zakon Sudnyi Ljudĭm (legal code), 125
Zaoutzes, Stylianos, 57, 58, 65
Zarnez, Galicia, pagan statue, 141
Zealots, the, 167
Zlatostruj (John Chrysostom), 180
Zoe, empress, 61-3, 65
Zoroastrianism, 140