Bulgaria in Antiquity. An Archaeological Introduction

Ralph Hoddinott

 

List of Plates

 

 

1. The Danube near Ratiaria 25

2. The Stara Planina from the Shipka pass 25

3. The Struma gorge south of Blagoevgrad 27

4. Thracian inscription, Ezerovo gold ring, Sofia Archaeological Museum 29

5. Silver plaque, Letnitsa treasure, Lovech Museum 29

6. Tumulus near Kazanluk 30

7. Thracian Horseman relief, Beroe - Augusta Trajana, Stara Zagora Museum 31

8. Apollonia, limestone stele, seated goddess, Bourgas Museum 35

9. Apollonia, marble statuette, Bourgas Museum 35

10. Apollonia, marble stele of Anaxander, Sofia Archaeological Museum 35

11. Apollonia, black-figure oinochoe, Sofia Archaeological Museum 37

12. Apollonia, red-figure lekythos, Sofia Archaeological Museum 37

13. Apollonia, marble fragment of (?) warrior’s stele, Sofia Archaeological Museum 42

14. Mesambria, sector of pre-Hellenistic wall 42

15. Mesambria, fragment of terracotta cyma, Nesebur Museum 42

16. Mesambria, marble stele of Kallikrita, Sofia Archaeological Museum 44

17. Mesambria, marble fieacher’s’ stele, Bourgas Museum 44

18. Mesambria, bronze hydria, Sofia Archaeological Museum 44

19. Mesambria, detail of bronze hydria, Nesebur Museum 44

20. Mesambria, gold earring with Pegasus and amphora, Bourgas Museum 47

21. Mesambria, gold spiral finger-ring, Bourgas Museum 47

22. Odessos, marble head of (?) Apollo, Varna Archaeological Museum 52

23. Odessos, red-figure bell-krater, Varna Archaeological Museum 52

24. Odessos, terracotta sarcophagus appliqué, Varna Archaeological Museum 53

25. Dionysopolis, bronze krater, Varna Archaeological Museum 53

26. Odessos, terracotta figurine, Varna Archaeological Museum 54

27. Dobroudja, terracotta figurine, Varna Archaeological Museum 54

28. Dolno Sahrane, clay amphora-urn, Kazanluk Museum 59

29. Dolno Sahrane, clay cup, Kazanluk Museum 59

30. Douvanli, Moushovitsa, gold pectoral, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 59

31. Douvanli, Moushovitsa, black-figure neck-amphora, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 59

32. Douvanli, Koukova, gold bracelet, Sofia Archaeological Museum. 60

33. Douvanli, Koukova, silver-gilt amphora, Sofia Archaeological Museum 62

34. Douvanli, Golyama, silver-gilt kantharos, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 62

35. Douvanli, Golyama, silver-gilt appliqué, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 63

 

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36. Douvanli, Golyama, silver-gilt appliqué, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 63

37. Douvanli, Bashova, silver-gilt phiale mesomphalos, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 65

38. Douvanli, Bashova, silver-gilt kylix, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 65

39. Douvanli, Bashova, red-figure hydria, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 66

40. Mezek, Mal-tepe, the dromos 68

41. Mezek, Mal-tepe, detail of tholos 69

42. Mezek, bronze statuette from a candelabrum, Sofia Archaeological Museum 72

43. Mezek, iron lunular collar, detail, Sofia Archaeological Museum 72

44. Vratsa, grave II, silver bridle appliqué, Vratsa Museum 75

45. Vratsa, grave II, gold laurel wreath, Vratsa Museum 77

46. Vratsa, grave II, silver bridle frontal, Vratsa Museum 77

47. Vratsa, grave II, silver bridle appliqué, Vratsa Museum 77

48. Vratsa, grave II, silver greave, detail, Vratsa Museum 78

49. Vratsa, grave II, silver vessels, Vratsa Museum 78

50. Vratsa, grave II, detail of silver phiale, central medallion, Vratsa Museum 78

51. Vratsa, grave II, gold ‘disc and boat‘ earring, Vratsa Museum 78

52. Philippopolis, grey Thracian kantharos, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 82

53. Philippopolis, Hellenistic curtain wall on Nebet-tepe 84

54. Philippopolis, Hellenistic curtain wall and bastion on Nebet-tepe 84

55. Philippopolis, Hellenistic stepped approach to north postern, Nebet-tepe 84

56. Panagyurishte treasure, gold stag-head rhyton, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 86

57. Panagyurishte treasure, gold ram’s-head rhyton, detail, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 86

58. Panagyurishte treasure, gold horn-rhyton, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 87

59. Panagyurishte treasure, gold phiale mesomphalos, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 89

60. Panagyurishte treasure, gold amphora-rhyton, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 89

61. Panagyurishte treasure, gold amphora-rhyton, detail of base 89

62. Bronze coin of Seuthes (hi), Sofia Archaeological Museum 94

63. Kazanluk tomb, detail from painting of groom with horses 101

64. Kazanluk tomb, painting of enthroned woman 101

65. Kazanluk tomb, detail of painted dome 102

66. Silver phalera from a burial near Beroe, Stara Zagora Museum 105

67. Kabyle, general view of site (beyond tumulus) in 1969 105

68. Ratiaria, funerary stele 112

69. Ratiaria, sarcophagus detail, Mercury, Vidin Museum 112

70. Ratiaria, marble statuette, Hercules, Vidin Museum 113

71. Bononia, lifesize bronze head of a young man, Vidin Museum 114

72. Castra Martis, ruins of fort at Kula 114-15

 

 

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73. Oescus, Temple of Fortuna, architraves 118

74. Oescus, Temple of Fortuna, architrave detail 118

75. Oescus, Temple of Fortuna, architrave detail 119

76. Oescus, Temple of Fortuna, detail of coffered ceiling 119

77. Brest, near Oescus, sandstone head of Diocletian, Sofia Archaeological Museum 120

78. Oescus, carved head in roundel, Gigen Museum 121

79. Oescus, mosaic floor detail, scene from a play by Menander 122

80. Oescus, mosaic floor detail, an actor’s mask 123

81. Oescus, extra-mural complex 125

82. Ad Putea, marble statuette, ‘peaceful satyr’, Sofia Archaeological Museum 127

83. Novae, west gate, detail (top of vaulted passage at bottom left) 131

84. Novae, inner wall of south-east angle tower, showing two building phases 131

85. Iatrus, excavation of a colonnaded street 137

86. Iatrus, pier of building annexed to western sector of curtain wall 137

87. Iatrus, detail of pier 137

88. Durostorum, bronze helmet-mask, Silistra Museum 138

89. Marble head of Athena, statue fragment from Silistra district, Varna Archaeological Museum 138

90. Mithraic relief from Silistra district, Silistra Museum 138

91. Durostorum tomb painting, husband and wife 140

92. Durostorum tomb painting, a maidservant 141

93. Durostorum tomb painting, a manservant 141

94. Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, aerial view 144

95. Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, decumanus maximus 147

96. Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, building inscription, detail 147

97. Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, architectural detail, a lizard 147

98. Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, headless marble statue, Eros, Sofia Archaeological Museum 148

99. Bronze head of Gordian III, statue fragment found near Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, Sofia Archaeological Museum 148

100. Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, pediment of unfinished building 150

101. Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, public building 150

102. Butovo pottery, decorated platter-handle, Veliko Turnovo Museum 151

103. Marcianopolis, aerial view of amphitheatre 155

104. Abritus, altar with identifying inscription, Razgrad Museum 156

105. Abritus, north gate 159

106. Abritus, town house 160

107. Gorotsvet, villa rustica 161

108. Abritus, bronze plaque, Herakles, Razgrad Museum 162

109. Abritus, bronze plaque, Cybele, Razgrad Museum 163

110. Voivoda, north-west angle tower 165

111. Madara, villa rustica, view from cliff top 166

112. Serdica, ‘St George’ rotunda 172

113. Serdica, bronze head of Apollo, Sofia Archaeological Museum 176

114. Serdica, marble relief, circus scenes, Sofia Archaeological Museum 177

 

 

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115. Pautalia, coin of Caracalla, temples on the Hissarluk, Sofia Archaeological Museum 178

116. Pautalia, vaulted hypocaust system in baths linked with Asklepieion 180

117. Sandanski area, stone relief portrait fragment, Sofia Archaeological Museum 184

118. Philippopolis, silver and iron head-mask, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 188

119. Haskovo district, marble head of Yalens, Haskovo Museum 191

120. Philippopolis, coin of Caracalla, temple of Apollo on Djendem-tepe, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 192

121. Philippopolis, section of marble frieze, health deities: 1. to r.: Iaso, Panacea, Telesphoros, Asklepios, Hygieia, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 193

122. Philippopolis, marble stele, funerary feast and horsemen, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 194

123. Peroushtitsa, marble head, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 196

124. Kurtovo Konare, marble Mithraic relief, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 196

125. Burdapa, stone plaque, Three Nymphs, Sofia Archaeological Museum 197

126. Batkoun, marble statuette fragment, (?) Asklepios, Plovdiv Archaeological Museum 197

127. Starazagorski Mineralni Bani, Roman baths 202

128. Augusta Trajana, marble portrait head, Kazanluk Museum 204

129. Augusta Trajana, marble portrait head, Stara Zagora Museum 204

130. Augusta Trajana area, marble portrait head, Kazanluk Museum 204

131. Augusta Trajana, bronze statuette, Apollo, Sofia Archaeological Museum 204

132. Augusta Trajana, marble relief, Thracian Horseman, Stara Zagora Museum 205

133. Arzus, marble head, Pan, Stara Zagora Museum 206

134. Trite Mogili, bronze statuette of Zeus enthroned, detail, Stara Zagora Museum 206

135. Trite Mogili, chariot reconstruction, Stara Zagora Museum 207

136. Mogilovo, silver chariot appliqué, Amazon, Stara Zagora Museum 208

137. Chatalka, villa rustica, western courtyard of pars urbana 209

138. Chatalka, villa rustica, eastern courtyard of pars urbana 210

139. Chatalka, burial find, bronze helmet-mask, Stara Zagora Museum 213

140. Sveti Duh fort, looking towards Mount Aida 214

141. Armira, villa rustica, floor mosaic detail, Artemis surprised bathing 218

142. Armira, villa rustica, floor mosaic detail, male portrait 218

143. Anchialos, tomb chamber, detail of ring-vault 223

144. Odessos, carved sarcophagus fragment, Varna Archaeological Museum 224

145. Odessos, marble portrait head, Varna Archaeological Museum 225

146. Odessos, general view of Roman baths 227

147. Odessos baths, doorways of tepidarium 227

148. Odessos baths, section of hypocaust system 228

149. Odessos, marble stele, funerary feast, Varna Archaeological Museum 230

150. Odessos, bronze balsamarium, Varna Archaeological Museum 232

 

 

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151. Cherven, general view 240

152. Novae, south-west angle tower, two building phases 244

153. Novae, Romano-Byzantine building 245

154. Iatrus, foundations of superimposed churches, from south-east 246

155. Durostorum, Early Byzantine and medieval fortifications near Danube 247

156. Veliko Turnovo, re-used Early Byzantine capital 252

157. Veliko Turnovo, re-used Early Byzantine capital 252

158. Veliko Turnovo, re-used Early Byzantine capital 253

159. Veliko Turnovo, re-used limestone stelai from Nicopolis-ad-Istrum 254

160. Storgosia, ruins of basilical church, viewed from narthex 256

161. Storgosia, church atrium with (?) pool 257

162. Madara, fortress gateway 261

163. Tsar Krum, wall painting fragment, Shoumen Museum 266

164. Tsar Krum, wall painting fragment, Shoumen Museum 266

165. Serdica, east gate preserved in new pedestrian underpass 270

166. Serdica, church of Holy Wisdom today 272

167. Serdica, tomb painting fragment, Uriel 272

168. Serdica, Holy Wisdom, mosaic floor of Church I, Sofia Archaeological Museum 272

169. Pirdop, Elenska church, view from north, looking towards the Sredna Gora 280

170. Pirdop, Elenska church, general view from west 281

171. Pirdop, Elenska church, east end 283

172. Pautalia, Hissarluk, southern sector of east wall 284

173. Pautalia, Hissarluk, south-east round angle tower 284

174. Pautalia, Hissarluk, eastern triangular tower 285

175. Sandanski, mosaic floor inscription 289

176. Philippopolis, Nebet-tepe curtain wall 292

177. Philippopolis, vaulted lower floor of baths 292

178. Peroushtitsa, ‘Red Church’, general view against Rhodope foothills 293

179. Peroushtitsa, ‘Red Church’, north aspect 294

180. Peroushtitsa, ‘Red Church’, detail of brick vaulting 294

181. Peroushtitsa, ‘Red Church’, wall painting fragment (? shows original church) 296

182. Peroushtitsa, ‘Red Church’, wall painting fragment, Moses unfastening sandal 296

183. Hissar, inner face of south wall 301

184. Hissar, main (south) gate 302

185. Hissar, west gate 303

186. Hissar, remains of double north wall and gateway 304

187. Beroe, marble impost capital, Stara Zagora Museum 315

188. Mesambria, Early Byzantine fortifications 319

189. Mesambria, ‘Sea Basilica’ 320

190. Mesambria, ‘Old Metropolis’ 321

191. Galata, clay font, Varna Archaeological Museum 326

192. Odessos, ruins of Djanavar-tepe church 327

 

 

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193. Odessos, Djanavar-tepe jewelled gold reliquary, Varna Archaeological Museum 328

194. Odessos, gold bracelet with vine decoration, Varna Archaeological Museum 330

195. Odessos, detail of gold diadem, Varna Archaeological Museum 330

196. Odessos, jewelled gold cross pendant, Varna Archaeological Museum 331

197. Odessos, detail of jewelled gold necklace, Varna Archaeological Museum 331

198. Odessos, marble candlestick, male head, Varna Archaeological Museum 332

199. Kaliakra, fortress gate, first phase 333

200. Naulochos, Early Byzantine capital 334

201. Naulochos, Early Byzantine capital 334

202. Naulochos, sandstone portrait head, Sofia Archaeological Museum 335

 

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