LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1. Head of the Emperor Diocletian. Marble. Part of an over life-size statue. Archaeological Museum, Constantinople. Photo: Hirmer
2. The Victory of Shapur I over Valerian. Sassanian cameo. Fourth century. Cabinet des Médailles, Paris
3. Head of Constantine the Great. Marble. Basilica Nova, Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. Photo: Hirmer
4, 5 Gold aureus of Diocletian. British Museum, London. Photo: Peter Clayton
6, 7 Gold solidus of Constantine. British Museum, London. Photo: Peter Clayton
8 Constantine offers homage to the Virgin. Detail of mosaic. Tenth century. Hagia Sophia, Constantinople. Photo: Hirmer
9 Constantine I at the Milvian Bridge. Detail of miniature from the Sermons of St Gregory of Nazianzus. c. 88o. Ms. Gr. 510. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
10 Ponte Milvio, Rome. Photo: Mansell-Anderson
11 Constantinople: bird’s-eye view of the city. Ninth to eleventh centuries. Reconstruction painting by Alan Sorrell
12 Theodosius presiding over the games. Marble base of the Egyptian obelisk, c. 390. The Hippodrome, Constantinople. Photo: Hirmer
13 Stilicho. Relief on the right wing of an ivory diptych, c. 400. Cathedral Treasury, Monza. Photo: Hirmer
14 Head of Arcadius. Pentelic marble. 395-400. Archaeological Museum Constantinople. Photo: Martin Hürlimann
15 Ships at Classis. Mosaic. Early sixth century. S. Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna. Photo: Marzari
16 Gold coin with portrait of Theodoric the Great. 493-526. Museo delle Terme, Rome. Photo: Deutsches Archâologisches Institut, Rome
17 St Menas in a niche. Ivory pyxis. Probably Alexandrian. Sixth century. British Museum, London. Photo: Hirmer
18 A dancer and small animal. Wool embroidery, part of a clavus. Fifth or sixth century. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
19 The Virgin and Child. Detail of a wallpainting. Sixth or seventh century. Monastery of Bawit. Photo: Coptic Museum, Cairo
20 Julian the Apostate besieges Ctesiphon. Ms. Gr. 510, f. 409v. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
21 St Gregory Nazianzus and Theodosius. Ms. Gr. 510, f. 239. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
22 Leaf from ivory diptych of the Lainpadii, probably representing the Hippodrome at Constantinople, c. 355. Museo Cristiano, Brescia
23 Head of Justinian. Detail of mosaic. Sixth century. S. Vitale, Ravenna. Thames and Hudson archives
24 Head of Empress Theodora. Detail of mosaic. Sixth century. S. Vitale, Ravenna. Thames and Hudson archives
25 The Palace of Theodoric. Detail of mosaic. Early sixth century. S. Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna. Photo: Marzari
26 Church of SS. Sergius and Bacchus, Constantinople. Detail of the cornice and capitals. 527-36. Photo: Josephine Powell
27 Masons at work. Miniature from a psalter. 1066. British Museum, London. Photo: Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum
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28 The Golden Gate and walls of Constantinople from the south, c. 400. Photo: Hirmer
29 Hagia Eirene, Constantinople. Exterior, c. 532 and later. Photo: Hirmer
30 Yeribatan-Saray. Underground cisterns built by Justinian. Photo: Hirmer
31 The Aqueduct of Valens, Constantinople. Built 368. Photo: Hirmer
32 Hagia Sophia, Constantinople. Interior. Built 532-7. Engraving after Fossati: Ay a Sophia, Constantinople, as recently restored by order of H.M. the Sultan Abdul Medjiel. London, 1852
33 ‘Rubens vase’. Agate, c. 400 ad. Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore
34 The Personification of India. Silver dish. Sixth century. Archaeological Museum, Constantinople. Photo: Hirmer
35 Cross of Justin II. Silver gilt. c. 575. Capella delle Reliquie, Basilica Vaticana, Rome. Photo: Mansell-Alinari
36 Throne of Archbishop Maximian. John the Baptist and the four Evangelists. Ivory. Sixth century. Museo dell’ Arcivescovado, Ravenna. Photo: Hirmer
37 Multi-solidus gold piece of Justinian. 534-8. Electrotype of gold original formerly in the Cabinet des Médailles, Paris. British Museum, London. Photo: Peter Clayton
38 Gold solidus of Phocas. Probably issued 603. P. D. Whitting Collection. Photo: Peter Clayton
39 Gold solidus of Heraclius and Constantine. 613-29. P. D. Whitting Collection. Photo: Peter Clayton
40 Gold solidus of Heraclius and Constantine. 629-31. P. D. Whitting Collection. Photo: Peter Clayton
41 Statue of Heraclius. Bronze. 610-41. Barletta. Photo: Hirmer.
42 Reverse type of a bronze coin of Abd al Malik. P. D. Whitting Collection. Photo: Peter Clayton
43 Mecca. Engraving by Hunglinger showing the Ka’ba. 1803. British Museum, London. Photo: R. B. Fleming & Co. Ltd
44 Gold solidus of Constantine V (obverse). 741-75. P. D. Whitting Collection. Photo: Peter Clayton
45 Gold solidus with portrait of the Empress Irene. 797-802. British Museum, London. Photo: John Webb
46 The wars of Nicephorus 1 against Krum and the capture of Nicephorus. Illuminations from Slavonic copy of the Manasses Codex. 1345. Vatican Library, Rome
47 Gold solidus of Justinian II, the reverse showing Christ, King of Kings. 685-95. P. D. Whitting Collection. Photo: Peter Clayton
48 Gold solidus of Leo III. 717-41. P. D. Whitting Collection. Photo: Peter Clayton
49 Iconoclast whitewashing an image. Miniature from the Chludov Psalter. Ninth century. Public Library, Moscow. Photo: Collection de l’Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Paris
50 Mosaic cross in the apse of Hagia Eirene, Constantinople. Eighth to ninth centuries. Photo: Courtesy of the Byzantine Institute Inc.
51 Theodora restores the icons. Ms. Gr. 1613. fol. 392. Vatican Library, Rome
52 The Adoration and the Nativity. Ivory diptych. Sixth century. British Museum, London. Photo: Hirmer
53 The Nativity. Manuscript with Syriac text. 1216-20. British Museum, London. Photo: Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum
54 The Great Mosque of Damascus. Architectural scene from above the entrance of the courtyard. Mosaic. 715. Photo: J. E. Dayton
55 SS. Cyril and Methodius kneeling before Christ. Fresco in San Clemente, Rome. Eleventh century. From J. Wilpert—Die Römischen Mosaiken und Malereien
56 Leo VI receiving the investiture of Holy Wisdom. Detail of mosaic. Hagia Sophia, Constantinople. Late ninth century. Photo: Thames and Hudson archives
57 Weight representing Nicephorus Phocas, died ad 610. British Museum. Photo: Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum
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58 Gold solidus. John I Tzimisces crowned by the Virgin. P. D. Whitting Collection. Photo: Peter Clayton
59 Epiphany of the Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. Ivory relief, c. 944. Museum of Fine Art, Moscow. Photo: Hirmer
60 Portrait of the Emperor Basil II Bulgaroctonos. From the Psalter of Basil II. 976-1025 (Cod. Gr. 17) Biblioteca Marciana, Venice. Photo: Hirmer
61 Work in the vineyards. Miniature from a copy of the Gospels. Eleventh century. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
62 Sheep-shearing, sailing, ploughing. Miniatures from a copy of the Sermons of St Gregory of Nazianzus. Eleventh century. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
63 Silenus and a dancing Maenad. Silver and silver-gilt dish. 610-29. State Hermitage Museum, Leningrad. Photo: S. C. R. Library
64 Chalice bearing the name of the Emperor Romanus. Gold, precious stones and cloisonné enamel, c. 1070. Treasury of St Mark’s, Venice. Photo: Osvaldo Bohm
65 The Harbaville Triptych. Centre panel. Ivory. Late tenth century. Louvre, Paris. Photo: Hirmer
66 Two riders hunting lions. Fragment of silk textile. Mid-eighth century. Musée Historique des Tissus, Lyon. Photo: Giraudon
67 Pattern of eagles. Detail from the Shroud of St Germain l’Auxerrois. Silk. Late tenth century. Church of St Eusebius, Auxerre. Photo: Giraudon
68 A lion strangler. Silk textile. Eighth century. Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Photo: Hirmer
69 St Luke. From an eleventh-century Gospel. Add. Ms. 28815. fol. 76V. British Museum, London. Photo: Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum
70 The Monastery of St Catherine, Mount Sinai. Photo: Beno Rothenberg
71 The Virgin and Child with saints and eagles. Icon on the church of St Catherine, Mount Sinai. Sixth century. Photo: Institut Français d’Athène
72 Tokale Kilise, Cappadocia. Wall-painting, showing earlier and later layers. Photo: Josephine Powell
73 The church of St John of Studium, Constantinople. Interior, looking east. c. 463. Photo: Hirmer
74 Christ Pantocrator. Mosaic, c. 1100. The dome, Daphni, Greece. Photo: David Talbot Rice
75 Illumination from the Theriaca of Nicandor. Tenth century. Suppl. Gr. 247 f. 47V. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
76 The Rape of Europa. Detail of lid of the Veroli Casket. Ivory. Tenth century to eleventh century. Victoria and Albert Museum, London
77 Reliquary for the True Cross. Enamels at centre of the outer container, c. 955. Cathedral Treasury, Limburg on the Lahn. Photo: Hirmer
78 Constantine, Zoe, Theodora. Enamel plaques from the crown of Constantine Mono machos. 1042-55. National Museum, Budapest. Photo: Hirmer
79 David composing the Psalms. From the Paris Psalter. Ninth century. Ms. Gr. 139. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Photo: Hirmer
80 Paradise and the Four Rivers. From the Homilies of Jacob of Kokinobaphos. Twelfth century. Ms. Gr. 1208. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
81 The Crowning of Romanus II and Eudoxia. Ivory, c. 950. Cabinet des Médailles, Paris. Photo: Hirmer
82 The Emperor Nicephorus Botaniates, St John Chrysostom and an angel. Miniature from the Homilies of St John Chrysostom. c. 1078. ms. Coislin 79. f. 2v. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Photo: Hirmer
83 Gold solidus of Isaac I Comnenus. 969-76. P. D. Whitting Collection. Photo: Peter Clayton
84 Holy Crown of Hungary. Gold and enamel. 1074-7. Budapest Treasury. Photo: Marburg
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85 Students and Teachers. Line drawing after the Skylitzes Codex. Thirteenth to fourteenth centuries. Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid
86 Ani Cathedral, Armenia. From the northwest. 989-1001. Photo: Ara Güler
87 Holy Women at the Sepulchre. Miniature from the Gospels of 1038. Matenadaran 6201. Erevan, Armenia. Photo: Editions Cercle d’Art
88 A Byzantine Army defeated by the Turks. Miniature from the Skylitzes Codex. Thirteenth to fourteenth centuries. Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid
89 Alexius I Conmenus. Ms. Gr. 666. f. 20. Vatican Library, Rome
90 The Cathedral at Cefalù. Mosaic in the apse. c. 1155. Photo: Mansell-Alinari
91 Scenes from the New Testament. Ivory. Twelfth century. Victoria and Albert Museum, London
92 The Last Supper. Mosaic. Last quarter of the twelfth century. St Mark’s, Venice. Photo: Martin Hürlimann
93 Battle of Dorylaum. Medieval miniature. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
94 The Virgin and Child between the Emperor John Comnenus and the Empress Eirene. Mosaic, c. 1118. Hagia Sophia, Constantinople. Photo: Hirmer
95 Manuel Comnenus. Ms. Gr. 1176. f. 11 Vatican Library, Rome
96 Tekfur Saray, Constantinople. Probably built by Manuel II Comnenus c. 1150. Photo: Hirmer
97 St Mark’s, Venice. Mosaic, showing the original appearance of the church. 1260-70. Photo: Martin Hürlimann
98 The Virgin of Vladimir. Panel painting, c. 1130. Tretiakov Gallery, Moscow
99 Hagia Sophia, Trebizond. Engraving from C. Texier: Asie Mineure, Paris 1835. Photo: John R. Freeman
100 Expulsion of the devil from the daughter of the woman of Canaan. Wall-painting. Thirteenth century. Hagia Sophia, Trebizond. Photo: Russell Trust
101 The Walls of Nicaea. Engraving from ( Texier: Asie Mineure, Paris 1835. Photo: John R. Freeman
102 The Virgin. Mosaic (destroyed). Ninth century. Church of the Assumption, Nicaea. Photo: Klougé
103 Theodore Lascaris. From the Codex Monacensis. Ms. Gr. 442. Staatsbibliothck, Munich
104 Coronation of Baldwin of Flanders. Ms. Gr. 9081. f. 99V. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
105 St Luke and St James. From a copy of the Acts and Epistles. First half of the thirteenth century. Ms. Gr. 1208, f. IV. Vatican Library, Rome
106 Horses. Bronze. Probably Hellenistic. Basilica of St Mark’s, Venice. Photo: Mansell-Alinari
107 Tower of Galata, Constantinople. From J. H. S. Pardoe: Beauties of the Bosphorus, 1838. British Museum, London. Photo: John R. Freeman
108 Michael VIII Palaeologus. From the Codex Monacensis. Ms. Gr. 442. Staatsbibliothek, Munich
109 Andronicus II Palaeologus. From a fourteenth-century (?) manuscript. Ms. 1293. Byzantine Museum, Athens. Photo: Giraudon
110 The Emperor John VI Cantacuzene enthroned. From a manuscript of Cantacuzenos. 1370-5. Ms. Gr. 1242 f. 5V. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Photo: Hirmer
111 Jalal al-din Rumi. Turkish miniature. Sixteenth century. Topkapi Library, Constantinople
112 Whirling Dervishes. 1792-3. Ms. 474 f. 248b. Chester Beatty Collection, Dublin
113 A Janissary. Sketch by Gentile Bellini, c.. 1480. British Museum, London
114 Manuel II Palaeologus. From a copy of the funeral oration delivered by the Emperor Manuel on the death of his brother Theodore, Despot of the Morae (d. 1407). Suppl. Gr. 309, f. vi. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
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115 Andrew Palaeologus. Fresco by Bernardino Pinturicchio. Appartamente Borgia, Vatican, Rome. Photo: Mansell-Alinari
116 John VIII Palaeologus. Fresco by Benozzo Gozzoli. Medici Palace, Florence. Photo: Mansell-Alinari
117 The town of Mistra. Mostly fourteenth century. Photo: Josephine Powell
118 The Entry into Jerusalem. Detail of wallpainting. c. 1380. Church of the Peribleptos, Mistra. Photo: Josephine Powell
119 Theodore Metochites. Detail of mosaic. 1320-30. Tympanum of Kariye Jami, Constantinople. Photo: Byzantine Institute, Washington
120 Christ Pantocrator. Mosaic. 1300-20. Kariye Jami, Constantinople. Photo: Hirmer
121 Portrait of Flippocrates. From a manuscript of Hippocrates, c. 1342. Ms. Gr. 2144, f. 10. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Photo: Hirmer
122 Two Shepherds. Detail from The Nativity. c. 1312. Church of the Holy Apostles, Salonica. After Xyngopoulos, Thessalonique et la Peinture Macédonienne, Athens, 1955
123 Church of the Holy Apostles, Salonica. East end. c. 1312. Photo: Collection de l’Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Paris
124 Hagia Maria Pammarkaristos, Fetiye Jami, Constantinople. East end. Thirteenth century. Photo: Martin Hürlimann
125 The Anastasis. Wall-painting, c. 1310. Kariye Jami (Church of St Saviour), Constantinople. Photo: Byzantine Institute, Washington
126 Rumeli Hisar. Fort built on the Bosphorus by Muhammed II. Photo: Martin Hürlimann
127 Portrait of Sultan Muhammed II. Gentile Bellini. 1480. National Gallery, London
128 The Siege of Constantinople. 1453. From Bertrandon de la Broquière: Voyage d’outremer, 1455. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Ms. Fr. 9087, v. 207
129 Group of Nuns. From the Lincoln College, Typicon. c. 1400. Ms. Gr. 3$, f. i2r. Bodleian Library, Oxford