Index
Principal references to ancient names of sites and geographical features in present-day Bulgaria appear in bold type. Main pages on archaeological sites are similarly shown. Text figures are indicated by the use of italic. Modern towns in Bulgaria near archaeological sites have been included for convenience of identification, although for reasons of clarity they are not all in the maps.
Abdera, 337
Abritus or Abrittus (Razgrad), 112, 116, 135, 156-65, 167, 169, 190, 202, 259, 263-4, 300, 339. Pl. 104-9; 29-32
Achilles, 122, 224-5. Pl. 144
Ad Putea (Riben), 126. Pl. 82
Adriatic, 26, 111, 114, 178
Aegean, 24, 26, 73, 81, 103, 178, 185, 224, 241, 337
Aelia, wife of Pronto, 126, 128
Aemilianus, St, 142
Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound, 33; Seven against Thebes, 88
Aetius, general, 248
Agamemnon, 122
Agighiol treasure, 79
agriculture, viticulture, 26, 28, 33, 95, 159, 183, 185, 195, 200, 205-6, 221, 297, 319, 324; 84; see also emporia; villae rusticae
Aida, Rhodope peak, 215
Ainos, 69
Alexander the Great, 39, 52, 83, 90-1, 96-7, 153, 190,337
Alexander Severus, emperor, 201, 205, 222, 305, 313,339
Allen, D. F., 105
Almus (Lom), 116
Alxenor of Naxos, sculptor, 34
Amazons, 88; Hippolyta, 208. Pl. 136
Amfreville helmet, 73
Ammianus Marcellinus, 81, 149, 168, 220, 312
Amphipolis, 73
Anastasia, empress, 317
Anastasius, emperor, 241-2, 263, 313, 316-18, 341
Anaxander stele, 34, Pl. 10
Anchialos (Pomorie), 33-4, 40, 4-8, 81, 221-3, 233, 317, 319, Pl. 143; 52
Ancona, 139
animal art, 46-7, 61, 65, 75-7, 79, 104-5, Pl. 21, 32-3, 44, 46-8, 66
Anna Comnena, 291
Antigonos Cyclops, 96, 98
Antioch, 145 ; House of Aion, 122
Antiochos II Theos, Syrian king, 40
Antipater, regent of Macedonia, 337
Antoninus Pius, emperor, 145, 157, 181, 185, 195, 220, 229, 233, 339
Antonova, V., 266
Aphrodite, 38, 175, 216
Apollo, 32, 34, 37, 41, 43, 45, 48, 51, 88, 115-16, 148, 156, 175, 190, 193-4, 205, 209, 221, 292. Pl. 11, 22, 113, 120, 131; 42
Apollonia Pontica (Sozopol), 33-41, 43, 45-6, 48-9, 52, 55, 64, 73, 81, 221, 317, 333, 337-8. Pl. 8-13; 1, 2
appliqués: bridle, 64, 75-7, 80, 93, 153, 179, 207, Pl. 44, 46—7; chariot, 179, 207-8, Pl. 135-6; clothing, 63, 71, 80, 93, Pl. 35-6; furniture, 53-5, 73, Pl. 24; see also pectorals; phalerae
Aquae Calidae (Burgaski Mineralni Bani), 221, 317
Aquileia, 157
Arcadius, emperor, 182, 237, 255, 258, 277, 340-1
Arda, r. (Harpessos), 217
Ares, 31
Arges, r. (Mariscus), 135
Aristaeum (Emona), 223
Aristotle, Politeia, 39
Armira, near Ivailovgrad, 217-20, 316. Pl.141-2; 51
armour, 58, 63, 65-7, 71, 75, 93, 104-5, 212; collar, 73-4, Pl. 43; greave, 79, Pl. 48; helmet-masks, 139, 187, 212, Pl. 88, 118, 139
arrowhead currency, 33
Artemis, 31-2, 37, 50, 88, 96, 116, 148, 153, 164, 185-6, 193-4, 196, 215, 219, 229. Pl. 11, 58, 141; see also Bendis; Diana
Arzus, near Kalugerovo, 206. Pl. 133
Asemus or Asamus (Musalievo), 239-40, 245
Ashmolean Museum, 62
Asia Minor, 37, 39, 55, 90; tholos tombs, 70; settlers, traders, 143, 145, 149, 154, 179, 224, 339
Asklepios, 32, 156, 178, 180-3, 185, 193-5, 197, 199, 229. Pl. 121, 126
Asti tribe, 33, 48
Athanasius, St, 190, 200
Athena, 45, 139, 182. Pl. 89; see also Minerva
Athens, 34, 37-9, 55, 169, 225; church in Stoa of Hadrian, 296; see also pottery: Athenian; trade
Athens, National Archaeological Museum, 34, 45
Atiya peninsula, near Sozopol, 33-4, 34
Attila, 239-40, 248, 269, 323, 341
359
Augusta Trajana, see Beroe
Augustae, 197
Augustine, St, 325
Augustus, emperor, 338
Aurelian, emperor, 111, 139, 149, 151-2, 165, 339
Auxentius, bishop of Durostorum, 142
Avars, 241-2, 248, 256, 259-60, 268-9, 291, 300,313,316-18, 323, 336, 341-2
Bacchus, 221; see also Dionysos
Balanstra (Kalotino), 178
Balkan peninsula, Balkans, 24, 199, 276, 299, 342; Balkan Mountain range, see Stara Planina
Bandulević, Marko, archbishop of Marcianopolis, 268
Banska, tributary of r. Maritsa, 215
Barata, near Velingrad, 300
Bardo, National Museum, 54
Basiliscus, emperor, 341
Bastarnae, 53, 338-9
baths, see pagan sanctuaries, evidence: asklepieia, nymphaea; urban architecture; villae rusticae
Beazley, Sir J., 38
Bedechka, r., 104
Beglichka, near Velingrad, 300
Belgrade, 26
Beli Lom, r., 157
Belisarius, general, 287
Bellona, 165
Bendis, 32, 50, 116, 185, 193-4, 196; see also Artemis; Diana
Berenike, wife of Seuthes III (?), 96, 103
Beroe-Augusta Trajana (Stara Zagora), 81, 104-5, 143, 151-2, 199-206, 212, 242, 253, 322-15. Pl. 66, 127-32, 187; 44, 45, 97-8
Bersu, G., 258
Bessapara, near Pazardjik, 67, 139
Bessi tribe, 27, 67, 69, 96, 139, 185, 196, 337-8
Bistritsa, near Dupnik, 279
Bithynia, 145, 156
Bizone (Kavarna), 49, 55, 333
Black Sea, 24, 33, 41, 70, m, 333-4, 338; shipping, 33, 34, 39, 40-1, 48-9, 55, 221, 224, 323-4
Blagoevgrad, 183, 185
Boba, near Shoumen, 28
Bobchev, S., 172
Bohemond I, 24
Bologna, 113
Bononia (Vidin), 111, 112-14, 242. Pl. 71
Boreas, 46. Pl. 18
Bosphorus, Thracian, 26, 33, 55, 338
Botevo, 242, 276; 57
Botousharova, L., 83, 85
Boulogne, 113
Bourgas, gulf, 33, 41
Boyadjiev, S., 277, 299, 309
Branichevo, 91, 93
Brashinsky, I. B., 43
Britain, settlers from, 138
British Museum, 54
Bulgar invasions, conquest, 248, 269, 315, 341-2; first Bulgarian state, 50, 167, 260-4, 267, 287, 291, 300, 316, 319; second Bulgarian state, 143, 249, 316
Burdapa (Ognyanovo, formerly Saladinovo), 196-7, 221. Pl. 125
Burebista, Dacian king, 49, 53, 338
Butovo (? Emporium Piretensium), 143, 149, 151, 153. Pl. 102
Byzantion, 41; see also Constantinople
Byzantium, Byzantine empire: defence, withdrawal, 237-68, 285-91, 300, 316-17, 333-4, 336, 341-2; outposts, 242, 269, 315, 319, 333, 341-2; see also churches; fortifications; jewellery; sculpture
Caligula, emperor, 338
Capidava, 134, 157
Capitolinus, delegate of Julian, 142
Caracalla, emperor, 152, 179, 185, 190, 193, 221-2, 339
Caria, 323
Caričin Grad, Serbia: cruciform church, 276; episcopal church, 256, 283, 290
Carpathian mountains, 24
Carps, see Karps
Castra Martis (Kula), 114-15, 242, 341. Pl. 72
Catalaunian plains, battle, 248
Celtic occupation, influence, 28, 40,48, 52, 73-4, 85, 91, 104, 112-13, 116, 337. Pl. 43
Ceres, 112; see also Demeter
Chalcedon, 41, 46
Chalkidiki peninsula, 79
Champagne, chariot graves, 74
Charakman, cape, 333
chariot burials, 73-4, 76-7, 179, 182, 206-8, 233. Pl. 135-6
Charon’s obol, 54, 233
Chatalka, 187, 209-12, 220, 315-16. Pl. 137-9; 46-8
Cherni Lorn, r., 241
Chersonese, Thracian, 79
Chertigrad, 28, 105-6
Cherven, 241. Pl. 151
Chios, 43
churches, 50, 163, 178-9, 193, 237, 245, 259-60, 278, 285-6, 292, 300, 315, 341; Abritus, 259, 29; Botevo, 242, 57; cape Charakman, 333; Draganovets, 263; Erite, 334; Galata, 324-5, 103; Golyamo Belovo, 298-300, 85; Hissar, 304-10, 86, 90-6; Iatrus, 245-7, 267, Pl. 154, 26; Isperihovo, 297, 84; Ivanyani, 242, 279, 75; Komatevo, 293, 82; Krumovo Kale, 264, 65; Marcianopolis, 268; Mesambria, 319-23, Pl. 189-90, 100-2; Mesta valley, 290; Odessos, 324-9, Pl. 192, 104-5; Peroushtitsa, 195, 293-7, Pl. 178-82, 83; Pirdop, 280-3, 285, Pl. 169-71, 77-8; Preslav, 263, 64; Sadovets, 258, 62; Sandanski, 287-90, Pl. 175, 81; Serdica, 269, 271-7, Pl. 166, 168, 69-75; Shoumen, 262; Storgosia, 255-6, Pl. 160-1;
360
churches (contd.)
Tsar Krum, 142, 264-7, Pl. 163-4, 66-7; Tsurkvishte, 242, 279, 76; Veliko Turnovo, 249-50, Pl. 156-8, 59-60; baptisteries, 268-9, 279, 282, 287, 293, 295-9, 307, 310, 324-5, 329, 69, 76, 80, 82-3, 91-2, 103-3; fonts, 297, 324-5, Pl. 191; influence on architecture: Anatolian, 266, 275-6, 279, 297; liturgical, 240-2, 263, 296, 305, 309-10, 323, 326-7, 329
Claudius, emperor, 338
Claudius II Gothicus, emperor, 182, 185, 229, 339
cohors II Flavia Britonum, 138
cohors II Gallorum, 116
cohors II Lucensium, 157, 182
coins, numismatic evidence: Celtic, 104; Greek, 32-3, 39, 41, 43, 51, 90, 148, 231; Macedonian, 71, 81, 97, 153, 199; Persian, 90; Roman, Byzantine, 130, 135, 148-9, 151-2, 154-6, 165, 174-5, 179-82, 186-7, 190-3, 195-6, 199-201, 205, 211-12, 215, 219-22, 229, 233, 238, 249, 255-6, 258-61, 263-5, 267, 269, 277-8, 286-7, 290, 300, 313, 315-16, 329, 334, Pl. 115, 120, 42; Thracian, 95-7, 215, Pl. 62
Comentiolus, general, 336
Commodus, emperor, 117, 154, 169, 201, 208, 339
Concordia, 148, 229
Constans II, emperor, 341
Constantine the Great, emperor, 124, 126, 130, 135, 149, 171, 174-5, 186, 201, 229, 237, 278, 329, 338
Constantine III, emperor, 249
Constantine IV, emperor, 341
Constantinople, 237-9, 241, 259, 268, 277, 319-21, 324, 329, 333-4, 340-2; Chrysotriklinos, 175; St John Studios, church, 305, 323; church architectural, sculptural trends, 263, 296, 305, 323, 325
Constantius II, emperor, 267, 278, 340
Cornelius, Gaius, Roman commander, 48
Corinthian pottery, 51; 3
Cosmas and Damian, SS, 185
Costoboki, 169, 187, 190, 339
Counter-reformation, 90
Crassus, M. Licinius, pro-consul of Macedonia, 111
Crestonaean or Krestonian tribe, 30, 79
Cronus, 139
Crusaders, 24, 275, 317
Cybele, 34, 181, 195, 229; Cybele-Anahita-Ishtar, 165, Pl. 109; Cybele-Urania, 156
Cyclades, 323
Cyprus, 323, 324
Dacia: diocese, 340; province, 111, 113, 116-17, 126, 138, 149, 169, 339
Dacia Mediterranea, 169, 181, 285-6, 339-40
Dacia Ripensis, 111, 237-8, 286, 339-40
Dacian, Daco-Getic tribes: invasions, 49, 53, hi, 116, 143, 338-9; First Dacian War, 138, 143, 339; Second Dacian War, 339; see also Getai
Danube, r. (Danuvius, Ister or Istros), 24, 26, 28, 49, 81, 169, 171, 185, 190, 224, 237, 240, 268, 337-41, Pl. 1, 155; bridges, 124, 126, 135; fleet, 111; limes, 111-42, 143, 148-9, 154-6, 169, 182, 48, 285-6, 323, 338-41
Darius I, 28, 337
Darzalas, see Great God of Odessos
Dasius, St, 139
Debren, near Gotse Delchev, 290
Decebalus, Dacian king, 138-9
Dechev, D., 185
Decius, emperor, 154, 157, 161, 165, 186, 190, 200, 339
Deli-Doushka church, 263, 267, 269; 64
Demeter, 34, 38-9, 45, 50; see also Ceres; Cybele; Great Goddess
Demetrios II, Macedonian king, 97
Demosthenes, 103
Dentheletai tribe, 27, 178, 338
Dermen, r., 128
Deultum (Debelt), 221, 317
Diampolis (Yambol), 103
Diana, 115-16; see also Artemis; Bendis
Dimitrov, D. I., 329
Dimitrov, D. P., 103, 326, 334-6
Dimitrovgrad, 215
Dio Cassius, 111
Dio Chrysostom, 47
Diocletian, emperor, 117, 135, 139, 15B 190, 200, 220, 237, 339-40. Pl. 77
Diocletianopolis, 198, 300; see also Hissar
Diodorus Siculus, 85
Dionysopolis (Balchik), 49, 54, 221, 229, 233, 333, 337, Pl. 125
Dionysos, 31-2, 39, 45-6, 48-9, 55, 60, 63, 67, 87, 96, 153, 156, 182, 190, 219. Pl. 19, 34
Diores, son of Amarinceus, 26
Dioskouri, 45, 67, 195; 5
Diospolis, see Kabyle
Dis, 126
Discoduratera (Gostilitsa), 143, 151-3, 200, 253, 255; 61
Djanavar-tepe church, 50, 325-9. Pl. 192-3; 104
Dobroudja, 24, 49, 56, 79, 134-5, 154, 157, 169, 171, 338
Dobrusky, V., 196
Dolno Sahrane, near Kazanluk, 57-8. Pl. 28-9
Domitian, emperor, 124, 187, 221, 338-9
Douvanli, 52, 58-67, 69, 71, 73, 79-80, 88, 103, 197, 212. Pl. 30-9; 4, 5
Dragalevtsi monastery, near Sofia, 277
Draganovets, 263
Drama, 185
Dremsizova, Ts., 167
Dromichaites, Getic king, 85, 337
Dulboki treasure, 62
361
Dulcissimus, bishop of Durostorum, 248
Dumont, A., 83
Durostorum (Silistra), 133, 135, 138-42, 154-6, 165, 187, 212, 248, 266, 271, 338. Pl. 88-93, 155
Ebrizelmes, son of Berenike, 96
Edirne, 70; see also Hadrianopolis; Uskudama
Egypt, 39, 45, 60, 124
Elagabalus, emperor, 190, 193, 339
Elia, St, 280
Emerson, W., 299
emporia, 143, 149, 151-3, 182, 195, 200, 205-6, 339
Emporium Piretensium, see Butovo
Epimenes, (?) Macedonian in Seuthopolis, 96
Epione, wife of Asklepios, 193
Epona, 116
Eretria, 79
Eriope, maenad, 87
Erite or Ereta (Dolni Bliznyak), 334
Eros, 39, 126, 145. Pl. 98
Etruscan jewellery, 59; tombs, 223
Eumolpias, 81; see also Philippopolis
Euripides, Iphigeneia in Tauris, 54. Pl. 25
Europa, province, 340
Euthymius, bishop of Philippopolis, 190
Euxine, see Black Sea
Faustina the Younger, empress, 145
fibulae, 39, 57, 59, 77, 80, 93, 98, 258. Pl. 30
Filov, B., 71, 73, 275, 309
fortifications, fortresses, 28, 41, 49, 69, 91, 106-8, 135, 139, 185, 215, 222, 224, 229, 9, 241-2, 249, 255, 259, 263, 287, 300, 317, 323, 333, 338-42; Abritus, 1:57-9, 259, Pl. 105, 29-31; Beroe, 200, 313, 315, 97; Bononia, 113; Castra Martis, 114-15, 242, Pl. 72; Chertigrad, 106; Discoduratera, 151, 253, 61; Durostorum, 248, Pl. 155; Germania, 182; Hissar, 198, 300-5, Pl. 183-6, 86-9; Iatrus, 133-4, 247-8, 24-6; Kaliakra, 333-4, Pl. 199; Krumovo Kale, 263-4; Madara, 261, Pl. 162, 63; Marcianopolis, 155; Mesambria, 41-3, 221, 317-19, Pl. 14, 188, 99; Montana, 115; Nicopolis-ad-Istrum, 144, 249, Pl. 94; Novae, 128-33, 243, Pl. 83-4, 152, 17-23; Oescus, 116-17; Pautalia, 179, 285-6, Pl. 172-4, 79; Philippopolis, 83-5, 187-90, 291, Pl. 53-5, 9, 10, 40-1; Sadovets, 256-8, 62; Seuthopolis, 94, 97, 11; Shoumen, 262; Sveti Duh, 215-16, 316, Pl. 140; Veliko Turnovo, 249; Vicus Trullensium, 258-9; Voivoda, 165-6, 259-60, Pl. 110, 33
Fortuna, 148, 212; Oescus temple, 117. Pl. 73-6
Fronto, dispensator, 126, 128
Frova, A., 124
‘funerary feast’ theme: on stelai, 55, 194, 229. Pl. 122, 149; in tomb painting, 100-1, 103, 194. Pl. 65
Galata, near Varna, 51, 53, 55, 73, 233, 324-5. Pl. 191; 103
Galba, emperor, 338
Galerius, caesar and co-emperor, 135, 139, 149, 171, 340
Gallienus, emperor, 190, 200, 339
Gara Iskur, near Sofia, 176; 38
garlands, funerary, 39, 46, 73, 79, 81. Pl. 45
Garvan, near Silistra, 241
Gaul, settlers from, 138
George, St, 32, 174, 290; see also ‘St George complex’
Georgi Dimitrov dam, near Kazanluk, 94, 97-8
Gerasimov, T., 95-6
Germania (Sapareva Banya), 182-3, 287
Germany, settlers from, 138
Gerov, B., 154, 184
Gesta Francorum, 24
Geta, emperor, 221
Getai tribes, 28, 30-1, 48-9, 52, 85, 135, 138-9, 337; ‘Great God’, 30-2, 51, 229; tumuli, 91, 93
glassware, 38, 46, 60, 73, 149
Goldsmith, Oliver, The Deserted Village, 183
Golyamo Belovo, near Pazardjik, 298-300; 85.
Gordian III, emperor, 148, 181, 183, 185, 220, 229, 339. Pl. 99
Gorgon, 63, 221. Pl. 35; see also Medusa
Gorotsvet, near Razgrad, 163. Pl. 107
Goths: invasions, 117, 124, 130, 133, 135, 139, 148-9, 151-2, 154-5, 157, 161, 163, 167, 169, 176, 186, 190, 195, 198, 200, 211-12, 216, 221, 229, 339, 341; by Ostrogoths, 155, 240, 242-3, 245, 249, 264, 269, 277, 290-1, 300, 307, 341; by Visigoths, 103, 117, 126, 130, 133, 135, 149, 155, 168, 182, 190, 198-9, 202, 211, 219-20, 224, 249, 253, 259, 261, 266-7, 269, 277, 286, 291, 300, 305, 312, 315-16, 323, 340; jewellery, influence on, 258, 333; settlement: Christian refugees, 149; foederati, 237-8, 258, 340-1; landworkers, 149, 341; Ostrogothic kingdom based on Novae, 240, 243, 245, 247, 259, 341; slaves, 141, 155, 185
Grabar, A., 299
Gratian, emperor, 152
graves, cemeteries, 26, 124, 155, 200, 241, 279, 293, 315; Abritus, 163-4; Apollonia, 34-40, 1; Dionysopolis, 54; Durostorum, 140-2, 266, Pl. 91-3; Hissar, 199, 43; Mesambria, 41, 45; Odessos, 49, 51-2, 224-5, 229, 231, 233, Pl. 23, 144, 54-6; Philippopolis, 194-5; Ratiaria, 111-12, Pl. 69; Serdica, 271, 276, Pl. 167; tumuli, 28-9, 91, 103, 124, 182, 206, 212, 233, Pl. 6; Abritus, 163-4; Anchialos, 222-3, Pl. 143, 52; Beroe, 104-5; Branichevo, 91, 93; Chatalka, 212; Dolno Sahrane, 57-8, PL 27; Douvanli, 58-67; Kazanluk and vicinity, 97-103, Pl. 63-5, 14-15; Mesambria, 46-7; Mezek, 69-75, Pl. 40-1, 7-8;
362
graves (contd.)
Odessos and vicinity, 49, 53-4, 233, Pl. 24; Philippopolis, 81, 187, 195; Vratsa, 76-80; see also chariot burials ; horse burials
Great Bliznitsa grave, Taman peninsula, 55
Great God of Odessos, 32, 51, 229; see also Zalmoxis
Great Goddess, 34, Pl. 8; Magna Mater, 145; see also Ceres; Cybele; Demeter
Greeks, Greek influence, 26, 27, 30-2, 58, 60-1, 63, 67, 90, 93, 97-8, 103; coastal colonies, 26, 28-9, 33-56, 73, 95, 104, 143, 154, 221-33, 317-36, 337-8, 341; Hellenisation policy, 81, 103-4, 143, 145, 149, 154, 179, 203, 233; see also immigration; resettlement. For imports, see jewellery; plate; pottery; sculpture; trade
Gregory, bishop of Nyssa, 237
Hadrian, emperor, 116, 126, 138, 169, 179, 192, 201, 203, 233, 339
Hadrianopolis (Edirne), 69, 187, 215, 217, 220-1, 296, 316-17, 340; see also Uskudama
Haemimontus, province, 220, 317, 340
Haimos or Haemus, see Stara Planina
Haskovo Mineralni Bani, 212, 215, 316; 49
Hegeso stele, 45
Hekate, 45, 50, 96, 182
Helden phalera, 105
Hera, 43, 88, 90, 164, 178, 181-2, 186, 195 ; see also Juno
Heracleia Pontica, 39, 55
Heraclius, emperor, 249, 316, 341-2; Barletta statue, 333
Herakles, 87-8, 104, 153, 164, 182, 208, 316, Pl. 66, 108; ‘Herakles knot’, 80; see also Hercules
Hercules, 112, 157. Pl. 70
Herennius (M. Herennius Rufus), legionary veteran, 184, 288
Hermes, 31, 39, 156, 182; Hermes-Mercury, 112. Pl. 69
Herodotos, 27-31, 67, 79, 91, 96, 103
Hierocles, 317
Hilbud, general, 241
Hippolyta, 210. Pl. 136
Hissar, 197-9, 300-12. Pl. 183-6; 43, 86-96
Histria, 33, 40-1, 49, 51-2
Holy Wisdom, church of Sv. Sofiya, Sofia, 269-77, 279. Pl. 166, 168; 70-3
Homer, Iliad, 26, 48, 122
Honorius, western emperor, 237, 255, 258, 267, 340
Horeb, Mount, 297
horse burials, 70, 74, 76, 80, 98, 206-7, 233
Hotnitsa, 143, 145, 149, 151, 250
Huns, 126, 155, 238-40, 242-3, 245, 248-9, 255, 268-9, 277, 279, 285, 291, 300, 307, 312, 315, 341
Hygieia, 116, 156, 181, 183, 185, 193, 195, 197, 199, 229
Iaso, 193. Pl. 121
Iatrus or Iatrum (Krivina), 133-5, 157, 159, 169, 245-8, 269. Pl. 85-7, 154; 24-6
Ihtiman pass, see Succi-Ihtiman pass
Illyricum: diocese, 340; prefecture, 288, 340
immigration: Armenian, 316; Bithynian, 145, 156; Costoboki, 339; Dacian, 111, 339; Egyptian, 45 ; Isaurian, 240-2; Saracen, 339; Sarmatian, 339; Syrian, 145, 263, 324, 329; western (British, Gallic, Germanic, Hispanic), 138; see also Goths: settlement; Greeks: coastal colonies; Hellenisation policy; Slavs: settlements
industries, workers: brickworks, 97-8, 103, 166, 263; Dionysos, Dules, brickmakers’ stamps, 166, 260; fullers, 117; furriers, 324; guilds, 117, 145; leatherworkers, 145; metallurgy, 43, 46-7, 104-5, 165, 179, 185, 207, 258, 329; mining, 156, 1783 185-6; munitions, 111, 156, 268; potteries, 43, 46, 55-6, 143, 149-51, 211, 268, Pl. 102, 47; quarries, 127, 145, 149; shipbuilding, 324; soapmakers, 324; stonemasonry, sculpture, 45-6, 48, 51, 55, 117, 145, 149, 336; masons’ marks, 145, 159, Pl. 97; woodcarving, 145
inscriptions, epigraphic evidence: Greek, 40-1, 43, 45, 48, 51, 53, 90, 94, 96, 104-5, 116-17, 143, 145, 148, 151-2, 156, 163, 178-81, 184, 196-7, 201-3, 205-6, 216-17, 222, 224, 250, 288-9, 305, 308, Pl. 96, 175, 45; Latin, 105, 111~12, 115, 126, 128, 133, 135, 139, 143, 156-8, 182, 197, 199, 201, 208, 229, 250, 256, 271, Pl. 68, X04; bilingual (Greek and Latin), 187; Thracian, 26, 65, 79, 93, Pl. 4
Ionian pottery, 34, 37, 51; see also pottery: Greek
Irene, empress, 315
Irinopolis, 315; see also Beroe
‘Iron Gates’, 111, 126
Isauria, settlers from, 240-2
Isis, 45
Iskur, r. (Oescus), 26, 28, 76, 116, 171, 178, 258, 339-40
Isperihovo, near Pazardjik, 297; 84
Istanbul, Archaeological Museum, 70
Italy, hi, 340-1; imports, 73, 104, 212; see also Romans
Ivanov, I., 181, 286
Ivanov, T., 122, 135
Ivanyani, near Sofia, 242, 276, 279, 326; 75
Jacobsthal, P., 73
jewellery, 33, 37, 57, 60, 80, 93, 154, 333; gold, 46-7, 53-4, 59-64, 67, 73, 79, 97-8, 105, 212, 329. Pl. 20-1, 32, 51, 194-7; see also appliqués: clothing; fibulae, garlands; pectorals
Jiriček, J., 103
John of Ephesus, 241
John, bishop at Sandanski, 288-9
363
John Chrysostom, St, 325
John Tzimisces, emperor, 300
Jordanes, 240
Jove, 258; see also Jupiter; Zeus
Jovian, emperor, 152
Julia Domna, empress, 143
Julian, emperor, 142, 190, 277, 285-6, 340
Julius Caesar, 338
Julius, St, 139-40
Juno, 112, 181; see also Hera
Jupiter, 112, 175, 181; see also Jove; Zeus
Justin I, emperor, 239, 241, 263, 316, 341
Justin II, emperor, 260, 287, 305, 341
Justinian I, emperor, 241, 249, 255-6, 258, 263-4, 268, 277, 283, 287, 290, 312, 317-19, 323-4, 329, 334, 341
Justinian II, emperor, 319, 341
Kabiri, 51, 96
Kabyle, 81, 96, 103-4. Pl. 67
Kadin Most, near Kyustendil, 182
Kalamis, sculptor, 34, 41
Kaliakra, cape (? Tirizis), 333-4. Pl. 199
Kallatis (Mangalia), 40, 49, 52
Kallikrita stele, 45-6. Pl. 16
Kamchiya, r. (Panysos), 264, 334
Kanitz, F., 126, 143
Karasimeonov, P., 174
Karps, 139, 339
Kasnakovo, 216-17; 50
Katsarov, G., 165
Kavaros, Celtic king, 104
Kazanluk, 97, 98-103, 223. Pl. 63-5; 15
Kerch tombs, 70
Klise-Kuoi, see Tsurkvishte
Klokotnitsa, near Haskovo, 216, 316
Kochan, upper Mesta valley, 186
Komatevo, near Plovdiv, 293; 82
Kopilovtsi, near Kyustendil, 181-2, 209; 39
Koprinka, near Kazanluk, 93, 97-8, 103; 14
Kotys, Thracian name, 48, 79
Krakra fortress, Pernik, 182, 287
Kralev Dol, near Pernik, 182
Kreta, near Oescus, 126
Krobyzi tribe, 49
Krum, Bulgar ruler, 319
Krumovo Kale, near Turgovishte, 263-4; 65
Krun, near Kazanluk, 97, 209
Kruni, see Dionysopolis
Kuklen, near Plovdiv, 195
Kul Oba grave, 55
Kurtovo Konare, near Plovdiv, 196. Pl. 124
Kyustendil, see Pautalia
Ladislas of Varna (Vladislas Varnenchik), Polish prince, 53, 233
Lafontaine-Dosogne, J., 325
Lampsakos, 90
legio VIII Augusta, 128, 223
legio I Claudia, 159
legio XI Claudia, 135, 138-40, 154
legio I Italica, 128, 133, 184, 240
legio V Macedonica, 116, 126, 138
Leo I, emperor, 259, 261, 341
Leo III, emperor, 319
Letnitsa treasure, 80. Pl. 5
Liberius, pope, 200
Licinius, co-emperor, 135, 277, 340
Lissus (Lesh, Albania), 111, 143
Lucilla, empress, 233
Lucius Verus, emperor, 157
Lucullus, M. Terentius Varro, consul, 41,48
Lupus, St, 245
Lysimachos, 40, 48, 52, 85, 91, 96-7, 337
Mâ, see Bellona
Macedonia, 26, 67, 91, 178, 290; conquest, influence, 28, 39, 52-3, 70-1, 81-5, 96, 103-4, 337 5 diocese, 340-1; province, 111, 179, 183-5, 286, 338
Madara, 167-8, 176, 261. Pl. 11, 162; 34, 63
Maetennius, Sextus, silversmith, 104
Mahaon, son of Asklepios, 193
Mahdia marble krater, 54
Maidi tribe, 27, 337-8
Malchus of Philadelphia, 285
Marcian, emperor, 259, 269, 341
Marciana, sister of Trajan, 154
Marcianopolis (Reka Devnya), 115, 138, 143, 152, 154-6, 165, 167, 200, 221, 223-4, 231, 245, 259, 267-8. Pl. 103
Marcus Aurelius, emperor, 145, 151, 169, 179, 187, 190, 195, 200, 203, 221, 269, 339
Maritsa, r. (Hebros), 24, 26-7, 67, 69, 81, 83, 187, 195-6, 212, 215, 217
Mark Antony, 154
Marmara, sea, 24, 41
Marsigli, Count L. F., Description du Danube, 116, 126
Maurice, emperor, 239-40, 300, 334, 341
Maximin Daza, caesar, 278
Maximinus Thrax, emperor, 339
Maximus, philosopher of Marcianopolis, 154
Mediana, near Niš, 175
Medistas, Thracian name, 48
Mediterranean sea, 55; shells, 60, 64
Medusa, 79, 219. Pl. 48; see also Gorgon
Megarian colonies, 40-1, 45; see also Mesambria Pontica
Meldia, near Dragoman, 178
Melta (Lovech), 115, 143, 149, 154
Mena, Thracian name, 26
Menander, The Achaians, 121-2
Mercury, see Hermes
Mesambria Pontica (Nesebur), 26, 40, 41-9, 53, 55> 58, 67, 81, 221-2, 242, 317-23, 337. Pl. 14-21, 188-90; 99-102
Meshtitsa, near Pernik, 182
Mesta, r. (Nestos), 24, 81, 185-6, 290, 300, 340
Mezek, near Svilengrad, 38, 54, 66, 69-75, 81, 97, 223. Pl. 40-3; 6-8
Michael the Syrian, 241, 317
Mihailov, G., 48
Mihailovgrad, see Montana
364
Mikov, V., 64, 100
Milesian colonies, 33, 41, 49; see also Anchialos; Apollonia Pontica; Odessos
Minerva, 181; see also Athena
Mithras, 126, 133, 139, 145, 175, 182, 196, 245. Pl. 90, 124
Mithridates VI of Pontos, 41, 338
Modianus, Marcus Ulpius, legionary, 133
Moesia, 106, 339
Moesia Inferior, 126, 130, 138, 142, 148-9, 152, 154, 169, 200, 224, 229, 339
Moesia Prima, 237
Moesia Secunda, 155, 200, 240, 245, 249, 268, 323, 339-41
Moesia Superior, 339
Mogilovo, near Stara Zagora, 208. Pl. 136
Montana (Mihailovgrad, formerly Ferdinand), 115-16, 165
Mopsuestis, Thracian name, 48
mosaic floors, 50, 192, 205, 211, 217, 285, 290; Armira, 218-19, Pl. 141-2; Beroe, 201, 313, 315; Hissar, 199, 43; Marcianopolis, 268; Oescus, 121-2, Pl. 79-80; Sandanski, 287-9, Pl. 175; Serdica, 273, 275, 277, Pl. 168; Storgosia, 256
Moses, 297. Pl. 181
Muglish, near Kazanluk, 98, 103
Mutafchiev, P., 279-80, 283
Mycenae, ‘Treasury of Atreus’, 70
Naissus (Niš), 26, 114-15, 238-9, 269, 277, 285, 338-9
Narcissus, gladiator, 155-6
Naulochos or Templum Iovis (Obzor), 41, 223, 334-6. Pl. 200-2
Nero, emperor, 175, 338
Nerva, emperor, 186
Nesebur, see Mesambria Pontica
Nestor, 122
Nicaea, settlers from, 145; Council, 340
Nicomedia, settlers from, 145, 203
Nicopolis-ad-Istrum (near Nikyup), 115, 126, 143-9, 151-2, 154, 159, 190, 200, 249-50, 312, 339. Pl. 94-101, 159; 27
Nicopolis-ad-Nestum (Zagrade, near Gotse Delchev), 185, 290
Nike, 47, 52, 63, 88, 148. Pl. 23, 36
Nikolov, D., 202
Nikopol, 126, 128, 249
Niš, see Naissus
Nova Cherna, near Toutrakan, 241
Novae (Stuklen, near Svishtov), 116, 124, 126, 128-33, 138, 143, 148-9, 151, 154, 184, 190, 221, 240, 243-5, 253, 300, 336, 338, 341. Pl. 83-4, 152-3; 27-23
Odessos (Varna), 32, 48, 49-56, 95, 103-4, 124, 138, 143, 154, 172, 221, 223-33, 242, 248, 268, 323-33, 337. Pl. 22-4, 26, 144-50, 191-8; 3, 53-6, 103-5
Odrysai, tribe, state, 27, 38-9, 48, 53, 56-7, 67, 69, 71, 76, 96, 337
Oescus (near Gigen), 116-26, 128, 133, 138, 143, 168, 172, 200, 258, 341. Pl. 73-81; 16
Ognenova-Marinova, L., 73
Ogosta, r. (Augusta), 115
Ohrid, Macedonia, tetraconchal church, 296
Olbia, 33, 40, 43, 112
Old Metropolis, Nesebur, 321-3. Pl. 190; 101-2
Olynthos, 52
Omurtag, Bulgar ruler, 267
Orchomenos, 34
Oreithiya, 46. Pl. 18
Orlandovtsi, 277-9; 74
Orlea, 124
Orpheus, Orphism, 67, 151
Oryahovo, 64
Osogovska mountains, 179, 285
Osum, r. (Asamus or Asemus), 126, 239
Ottalicia, empress, 154
Ovche hills, near Shoumen, 241
Ovid, Tristia, 221, 240
Paeonians, 337
pagan sanctuaries: evidence, 32, 34, 41, 43, 45, 48, 50-1, 67, 96, 106, 115-16, 148, 156, 165, 178-9, 185, 190, 193-6, 201, 209, 233, 237, 263, 286, 324, Pl. 120, 42, 103; house shrines, 95, 210, 315, 13; asklepieia, 180-1, 193, 197, 229, Pl. 116; mithraea, 126, 175, 182; nymphaea, 196-7, 199, 202-3, 215-17, 221, 261, 317, 50; Kopilovtsi, temple of Zeus and Hera, 181-2, 139; Oescus, temple of Fortuna, 117, Pl. 73-6
Paiagara, 105
Pan, 206. Pl. 133
Panacea, daughter of Asklepios, 193. Pl. 121
Panagyurishte: phalera, 105; treasure, 85-91, Pl. 56-61
Pannonia, 111, 238, 241, 338
Parion, 148
Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 105
Paris, Musée du Louvre, 34
Paris, judgement of, 87, 90
Patroklos, 122
Pautalia (Kyustendil), 152, 178-83, 285-6, 292. Pl. 115-16, 172-4; 39, 79
pectorals, 58-9, 61-2, 64-5, 67, 73, 105. Pl. 30; see also phalerae
Pegasus, 46, 194. Pl. 20, 122
Peiros, Thracian captain, 26
Peroushtitsa, 195-6, 293-7. Pl. 123, 178-82; 83
Persephone, 39, 103 ; see also Proserpina
Persia, 39, 41, 90, 241, 342; invasion, occupation, 34, 37, 60-1, 67, 337; metalwork, influence, 60-1, 65, 67, 73-5, 91, 93, Pl. 33
Peter, brother of emperor Maurice, 40, 245, 268, 323
phalerae, 104-5. Pl. 60
Philip II of Macedon, 28, 39, 52, 55, 81, 83, 95-6, 103-4, 187, 199, 337
Philip V of Macedon, 337-8
Philip the Arab, emperor, 339
365
Philippi, 184, 186, 290
Philippopolis (Plovdiv), 81-85, 103, 143, 157, 171, 176, 185-6, 187-95, 198, 200, 242, 269, 291-3, 303, 312, 336-9, 341-2. Pl. 52-5, 118, 120-2, 176-7; 9, 10, 40-2, 82
Phocas, emperor, 341
Phosphoros, Phosphorion, 50, 96
Piazza Armerina, 217, 220
Pirdop, Elenska church, 280-3, 285. Pl. 169-71; 77-8
Pirin mountains, 24, 81, 185
Pirinch-tepe church, Varna, 327-9, 334; 105
Pizus, 206
plate: bronze, 46, 54, 60-1, 63, 66-7, 70-1, 73, 75, 79, 93, 97, 104, 207, 212, Pl. 18-19, 25, 42, 6; gold, 80, 87-91, 329, Pl. 56-61, 193; silver, silver-gilt, 54, 60-1, 63-5, 67, 75, 79-80, 88, 93, 100, 104, 308, 329, Pl. 33-4, 37, 49-50
Plato, 36-7
Pleven, see Storgosia
Pliny, 41, 223
Pliska, 50, 165, 260
Plovdiv, see Philippopolis
Plovdiv Archaeological Museum, 61, 70, 87
Pluto, 112
Podaleirios, son of Asklepios, 193
Pomorie, see Anchialos
Pontos, 56
Popina, 241
Porobonus, 112
Poroishte, near Razgrad, 159
pottery, pottery evidence, 149, 151, 153, 182, 212, 229, 242, 247, 263, 265-8, 278, 315, Pl. 102; Greek, 33-4, 37, 40, 43, 46-8, 51, 53, 55, 61, 73-5, 95, 97, 100, 104, 3; Athenian, Attic, 34, 37-9, 51-2, 66-7, 80, 95: black-figure painted, 37, 43, 52, 61, 63, Pl. 11; Troilos painter, 60, Pl. 31; red-figure, 37-9, 48, 52, 64, 66, 76, Pl. 12, 23; Apollonia group, 39; Black Thyrsus painter, 39; Kadmos painter, 66-7, Pl. 39, 5; Slav, 242, 260, 300; Thracian, local, 36, 40, 46-7, 57-8, 73-4, 76, 81, 91, 93, 95, 97, 100, 153, 219, Pl. 28-9, 52; see also industries: potteries; sculpture in the round: terracotta
Praxiteles, statues after (?), 126, 148. Pl. 82, 98
Preslav, 262-3, 269; 64
Priapus, 145
Priscus, 238-9
Prisovo, 153-4; 28
Probus, emperor, 339
Procopius, 241-3, 247, 249, 259, 268, 285, 287, 291, 312, 317-18, 323
Procopius, rebel against Valens, 190
Procrustes, 60. Pl. 31
Proserpina, 112, 126; see also Persephone
Pseudo-Demosthenes, 46
Ptolemaeus, 116
Ptolemaios Keraunos, Macedonian king, 337
Radomir, near Chirpan, 279
Rakitovo, near Velingrad, 300
Rangela, near Velingrad, 300
Ratiaria (Archar), 111-12, 114-16, 133, 143, 239, 242, 339. Pl. 1, 68-70
Ravda, near Nesebur, 45
Ravenna, 243
Razgrad, see Abritus
religion, Christian, 32, 116-17, 139-40, 142, 149, 156, 171, 174, 182, 190, 237, 277, 292-3, 324-5, 340; see also churches; reliquaries
religion, pagan, 30-2, 47, 51, 55, 60, 64, 67, 74-5, 79-80, 96, 103, 112, 116, 142, 145, 156, 164-5, 174, 178, 181-3, 185-6, 193-7, 229; see also pagan sanctuaries. Note: pagan deities are indexed by name reliquaries, 259, 308, 310, 329. Pl. 193
Resafa, Syria, 296
Rhodes, 34, 55, 324
Rhodope mountains, 24, 27-8, 67, 69, 81, 156, 185, 199, 212, 215-20, 290, 293, 300, 316
Rhoemetalkes, Thracian vassal king, 215
Richter, G., 46
Rila mountains, 24, 182
roads, land routes, 26, 34, 49, 54, 81, 111, 114-15, 124, 126, 128, 143, 149, 151, 154, 165, 167, 169, 171, 178, 182, 185-7, 221, 223-4, 253, 258, 286, 290, 300, 334, 338; the ‘Diagonal’, 26, 81, 176, 178, 206, 215, 217, 269, 277, 338, 342; ‘Trajan’s Road’, 336; Via Egnatia, 185 Rodin, 112
Romans, Roman presence, 26, 48, 53, 56, 104-8, 111-233, 237, 336-40; Romanisation policy, 111, 116, 138, 143, 154, 179, 182, 221, 224, 338-9; monuments, influence, see fortifications; mosaic floors; roads; sculpture; urban architecture; villae rusticae; wall painting
Rome: the Capitoline, 41, 175; Domus Aurea, 175; the Palatine, 126
Rositsa, r., 144
Rufius, name on sieve, 104
Russia, south, 52, 79, 340; see also Scythia
Sabazios, Sabazius, 145, 164, 178, 201
Sabinus, Poppaeus, governor of Macedonia, 106-8
Sadalas, Thracian ruler near Mesambria, 45, 48, 53
Sadalas, ally of Odessos, 53
Sadalas, son of Berenike, 96
Sadovets, 256-8; 62
‘St George complex’, Sofia, 173-5. Pl. 112; 35, 37
Sakar hills, 24, 69
Salmydessos, 33, 221
Samos, 34
Samothrace, Samothracian cult, 51, 96
Sandanski (formerly Sveti Vrach), 183-5, 287-90. Pl. 175; 80, 81
Sandars, N. K., 61
Saracens, 339
366
Sark hoard, 105
Sarmatians, 139, 338-9; Sarmatian armour, 212
Satakos, son of Berenike, 96
Satrai, see Bessi
Scaptopara, near Blagoevgrad, 183, 206 sculpture, architectural, 34, 43, 50, 95, 117, 124, 134, 145, 149, 153, 160-1, 179, 182, 192-3, 201, 209, 217-20, 226, 250, 268, 279, 283, 287, 289-90, 315, 323, 329, 334. Pl. 15, 73-6, 78, 86-7, 96-7, 100, 121, 156-8, 187, 200-1
sculpture in the round: bronze: heads, 114, 148, 175, 233, Pl. 71, 99, 113, 150; statues, 70, 74, 153; statuettes, 71, 149, 153, 182, 205-6, Pl. 42, 131, 134, 136; marble, stone: heads, 51, 117, 139, 195, 205-6, 225-6, 333-4, 336, Pl. 22, 77, 89, 119, 123, 128-30, 133, 145, 198, 202; statues, 145, 148, 179, 182, 193, 201, 209, Pl. 98; statuettes, 34, 112, 116, 126, 193, 197. Pl. 9, 70, 82, 126; terracotta: bust, 60; figurines, 34, 36, 38, 51, 55-6, 95, 97, 149, 151, Pl. 26, 27; statues, evidence for, 34, 41, 116, 143, 148, 193, 205, 222, 250; see also coins; inscriptions
sculpture, relief: circus scene, 175, Pl. 114; funerary stelai, 34, 36-7, 45-8, 55, 111-12, 117, 155-6, 158, 185, 194, 229, 250, 316, Pl. 8, 10, 13, 16-17, 68, 78, 117, 122, 149, 159; sarcophagi, 53, 112, 224-5, Pl. 24, 69, 144; votive plaques, tablets, 32, 45, 50-1, 116, 126, 139, 151, 153, 156, 164-5, 182-3, 186, 195-7, 199, 205, 209-10, 215, 221, 263, 316, 324, Pl. 7, 90, 108-9, 124-5, 132; see also appliqués
Scythia, 26, 39, 239; graves, 26, 28, 55, 61, 70-1; province, 212, 340; see also animal art
‘Sea Basilica’, Nesebur, 42, 319-21, Pl. 189; 100
Selene, 65. Pl. 38
Seleukos I, 337
Septimius Severus, emperor, 128, 143, 148, 152, 190, 200-1, 206, 212, 221, 229, 339
Serapis, 45, 145, 156, 175, 181, 229; Serapis-Helios, 175
Serdi tribe, 27-8, 169
Serdica (Sofia), 28, 124, 135, 169-78, 179, 182, 187, 190, 200, 242, 258, 269-79, 285, 339-40, 342. Pl. 112-14, 165-8; 35-7, 68-73
Seuthes I, Odrysian king, 337
Seuthes III (?), 95-8, 337. Pl. 62
Seuthes, silversmith, 105
Seuthes, Thracian chief, 28
Seuthopolis, 48, 54, 57, 73, 93-8, 103-4, 337; 11-13
Sevastopolis, 197
Severi, imperial dynasty, 154
Sexaginta Prista (Rousse), 135, 143, 165, 241
Shipka pass, 143, 151, 208-9, 336. Pl. 2
Shkorpilovtsi, 50
Shoumen, 28, 165, 241, 259, 262
Silenus, 38, 46, 66, 215. Pl. 19
Silistra, see Durostorum
Silvanus, 116
Sinai icons, 266
Sindjirli, near Hissar, 305, 310
Sinope, 55
Sitalkes, Odrysian ruler, 38, 337
Skordiski tribe, 28
Škorpil, H. and K., 49-50, 54, 103
Škorpil, K., 50, 133, 157, 165, 260, 263, 324-5, 327, 329, 334
Skythodokos, Thracian name, 63
Sladki Kladentsi, near Bourgas, 34
Slavs: invasion, occupation, 241-2, 248, 269, 290-1, 313, 315-16, 323, 341-2; settlements, 241, 259-60, 267, 277, 287, 300
Sliven, 50
Sofia, 26, 64, 76, 171; see also Serdica
Solomon, vicar of Thracia, 300
Sopron-Bécsidomb, Hungary, 74
Sozopol, see Apollonia Pontica
Spain, settlers from, 138
Spartakos, Thracian rebel leader, 338
Spartokos, Thracian name at Seuthopolis, 96
Sredna Gora hills, 24, 90, 94, 199, 202, 208, 279-80
Stara Planina or Balkan mountain range (Haimos or Haemus), 24, 27-8, 30, 41, 48-9, 52, 55, 81, 96, 103-4, 106, 108, 138, 143, 151, 154, 169, 190, 200, 223, 237, 241-2, 249, 259, 279-80, 319, 336, 338, 340; personification on coins, 148; see also Shipka
Stara Zagora, 52, 104-5, 200; see also Beroe-Augusta Trajana
Starazagorski Mineralni Bani, 202-3, 205. Pl. 127; 44, 45
stele, painted funerary, 38-9; 1; see also sculpture, relief: funerary stelai
Stephen, St, 308
Stobi, Macedonia, 178
Storgosia (Kailuka, near Pleven), 255-6. Pl. 160-1
Strabo, 26, 33, 333
Strandja hills, 24, 156
Strong, D. E., 60
Struma, r. (Strymon), 26-7, 81, 178, 182-6, 286, 290, 300. Pl. 3
Strumsko, near Blagoevgrad, 183
Succi-Ihtiman pass, 178, 340
Sucidava (Corabia), 124, 126
Suvodol, Macedonia, 289
Sveti Duh, Rhodope fort, 215-16, 316. Pl. 140
Sveti Kyrikos, near Sozopol, 33-4, 36
Syrian immigrants, 98, 145; Orthodox rite, 263
Tabula Peutingeriana, 334
Tacitus, 105-8
Taman peninsula, 55, 70
Taroutin, Thracian name, 48
Tarsa, Thracian tribesman, 107
367
Tatarevo, Rhodope peak, 215
Tavalichevo, near Kyustendil, 182
taxation, tribute, 31, 48, 52, 104, 183, 206, 237-9, 339, 341
Telesphoros, 156, 181, 183, 185, 193, 195, 197, 199. Pl. 121
Teres I, Odrysian king, 337
Teres, son of Berenike, 96
Tetrarchy, 201
textiles, 33, 46, 61-2, 100
Thasos, 40, 55, 73, 95
Theodoric the Amal, 240, 243, 259, 285, 290
Theodosius I, emperor, 186, 237-8, 259, 286, 293, 340
Theodosius II, emperor, 278, 316, 323, 341
Theophanes, 229
Theophylact Simocattes, 239-40, 317, 336
Theseus, 60, 87. Pl. 31, 56
Thessalian tombs, 70
Thessalonica, 178, 238, 241, 290, 340; Tetrarchic palace, 175; Theodosian walls, 286
Thiudimer, Ostrogothic king, 240
Thoas, Aetolian, 26
Thrace, Thracians, 24-33, 36, 39-40, 47-9, 51, 55, 57-81, 85, 90-108, 111, 138-9, 149, 154, 163-4, 176, 179, 183-5, 195, 205-6, 216, 223, 233, 237-8, 337-8, Pl. 5; language, 26, 48, 51, 65, 79, 81, 133, Pl. 4; settlements, evidence, 26, 28, 33, 41, 49, 69, 81, 83, 91, 94, 104, 116, 126, 128, 135, 153, 163, 169, 178, 182, 195, 199, 206, 221, 293; see also Chatalka; Chertigrad; Galata; Seuthopolis; animal art; appliqués; chariot burials; graves, cemeteries: tumuli; horse burials; pectorals; phalerae; pottery; religion, pagan; Thracian Horseman
Thracia: diocese, 190, 240-2, 291, 317, 340-2; province, 108, 143, 148-9, 154, 169, 187, 190, 200,203, 205, 338-40
Thracian Horseman or Hero, 32, 45, 51, 55, 103, 112, 116, 139, 156, 174, 178, 182-3, 185-6, 193-8, 205, 209-10, 229, 233, 250, 263, 315, 324, Pl. 7, 122, 132, 159; Heros Karabazmos, 51; Heros Suregetes, 139
Thracian plain, 24, 26-8, 55, 58, 67, 81, 104, 182, 185-6, 187-212, 286, 291-316, 338, 341
Three Nymphs, 183, 196-7, 199, 215-16, 221, Pl. 125; see also pagan sanctuaries, evidence: nymphaea
Thyni tribe, 28, 221
Tiberius, emperor, 338
Tiberius II Constantine, emperor, 241, 315, 341
Ticha, r., 263
Tirizis, see Kaliakra
Tivoli, Hadrian’s villa, 126
toilet accessories, 36-40, 58, 60-1, 64, 79, 93, 149, 196, 207, 212. Pl. 12
Tomi (Constanţa), 221, 324
Toncheva, G., 55
Topolnitsa, r., 279
trade, 26, 28, 33-4, 37-9, 41, 43, 45, 48-9, 5i-3, 55, 79, 81, 111-12, 117, 133, 143, 145, 148-9, 160, 165, 173, 183-5, 200, 221, 223-4, 242, 249, 313, 319, 323-4; imports, see armour; jewellery; pottery; plate; sculpture; emporia
Trajan, emperor, 111, 114, 116, 126, 143, 154, 169, 179, 185, 187, 199-200, 220-1, 223, 229, 336, 338-9
Transmarisca (Toutrakan), 135
Transylvania, 111
Trebenište, Macedonia, 67
Trebonianus Gallus, general, 157
Triballi tribe, 28, 76, 79, in, 116, 124, 337
Trimontium, see Philippopolis
Triptolemos, 39
Trite Mogili, near Stara Zagora, 206-9. Pl. 134-5
Troesmis, 135, 138
Trojan war, 26, 122, 193; see also Homer
Tropaeum Trajani, 134, 157
Tsar Krum, 142, 264-7. Pl. 163-4; 66-7
Tsepina, near Velingrad, 300
Tsibritsa, r. (Ciabrus), 339
Tsonchev, D., 187, 202
Tsurkvishte (formerly Klise-Kuoi), near Pirdop, 242, 276, 279, 280, 329; 76
Tundja, r. (Tonzos), 24, 27, 69, 94-5, 97, 104, 217
Turesis, Thracian tribesman, 107
Turkish Thrace, 24, 28, 69, 70
Turnovo, see Veliko Turnovo
Tyche, 185; see also Fortuna
Ukraine, 26; see also Scythia
Ulfilas, Gothic bishop, 142, 149
Ulpius Hieronymus, chief priest, 202-3
Urban VII, pope, 268
urban architecture: agora, 95-6, 185; amphitheatre, 155-6, 268, Pl. 103; aqueducts, in, 117, 159, 179, 195, 201, 221, 229; baths, 113, 122, 124, 149,155, 169, 172-3, 179-81, 185, 192, 198-9, 201-3, 205, 214-15, 221, 226-9, 261, 286, 291, 317, Pl. 101, 116, 127, 146-8, 177, 34, 44-5, 49, 53; bouleuterion, 145, 173; forum, 117, 145, 159, 171-3, 190, 202, Pl. 96, 27; houses, 43, 95, 133, 155, 159-61, 194-5, 201-2, 247-8, 258-60, 293, 310-13, 315, Pl. 106, 32, 97, 98; odeon, 145, 173; palace-temple, 94-6, 12; praetorium, 173, 175; reception hall, 173-5, Pl. 112, 37; stadium, 190, 192, 291; theatre, 45, 48, 201; town plan, streets, 94-5, 117, 145, 159, 169-71, 182-3, 187, 194-5, 200-1, 258, 313, Pl. 85, 94-5, 11, 26-7, 29, 33, 41, 62; unidentified buildings, 117, 121, 124, 134-5, 152-3, 173-5, 192-3, 201, 243, 245, Pl. 79-81, 112, 153, 16, 26, 32, 37, 61; see also churches; fortifications; pagan sanctuaries
368
Uriel, 271, Pl. 167
Uskudama (Edirne), 69, 220; see also Hadrianopolis
Valens, emperor, 126, 135, 139, 155, 190, 199, 220, 224, 237, 291, 323, 340. Pl. 119
Valentinian I, western emperor, 130, 174
Valentinian II, western emperor, 152
Valeriana (Dolni Vadin), 124
Valley of Roses, 24, 93, 95
Varna, 49; see also Odessos
Varna Archaeological Museum, 50, 324
Veliko Turnovo, 143, 249-50. Pl. 156-8; 38-60
Velingrad, 186, 300
Velkov, I., 45, 258
Velkov, V., 106, 258
Venedikov, I., 73, 88, 90, 318
Vespasian, emperor, 221, 338
Vicus Trullensium, near Kunino, 258-9
Vidin, see Bononia
villae rusticae, 155, 168, 175-6, 182, 256, 279; Armira, 217-20, 316, Pl. 141-2, 51; Chatalka, 209-12, 315, Pl. 137-9, 46-8; Gara Iskur, 176, 38; Gorotsvet, 163, Pl. 107; Madara, 167-8, 261, Pl. 111, 34; Orlandovtsi, 277-9, 741 Prisovo, 153-4, 28
Viminacium (Kostolac), Serbia, 336
Vit, r. (Utus), 28, 106, 126, 256, 258, 339-40
Vitalian, Gothic rebel leader, 317, 334, 341
Vitosha mountains, 182
Vladislas Varnenchik, see ‘Ladislas of Varna’
Voivoda, 165-6, 259-60, 264, 306. Pl. 110; 33
Vratsa, 64, 75, 76-80, 103. Pl. 45-51
Vurbitsa tumulus, 73
wall painting, 43, 194, 199, 268-9; Durostorum, 140-2, 266, Pl. 91-3; Kazanluk, 99-103, 142, Pl. 63-5; Peroushtitsa, 293, 296-7, Pl. 181-2; Serdica, 271, Pl. 167; Tsar Krum, 142, 265-6, Pl. 163-4
weapons, 57-8, 63, 66, 71, 74, 77, 79-80, 91, 93,98, 181-2, 207, 258-9; 4
Western uplands, 24, 26, 28, 338
women, status of, 30, 45, 58-61, 64, 77, 79, 96, 103, 126-8, 181, 203
Xenophon, 28, 33, 337
Yankovo tumulus, 73
Yantra, r. (Iatrus), 133-4, 148, 151, 153, 249, 253, 340
Yasa-tepe tell, Plovdiv, 81, 194
Yavashov, A., 157, 163, 259
Zaldapa (Pobeda), Dobroudja, 333
Zalmoxis, 30, 51; see also ‘Great God of Odessos’
Zeno, emperor, 240, 285, 318, 341
Zeus, 31, 43, 95, 148, 153, 156, 164, 175, 178, 181-2, 186, 193, 201, 206, Pl. 134; see also Jove; Jupiter